Difference between revisions of "Hofer Brothers"
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| + | Michael Hofer (13 July 1893-2 December 1918, Leavenworth, Kansas) and Joseph Hofer (25 October 1894-29 November 1918, Leavenworth, Kansas) were the sons of Jacob Hofer (24 August 1860-27 July 1933) and Susanna (Hofer) Hofer (28 April 1859-6 May 1938). Michael and Joseph were the 12th and 13th children born to Jacob and Susanna out of a total of 20 children, of which five died in infancy or childhood. | ||
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Joseph and Michael Hofer were two young married brothers of the [[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterian]] faith in [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]], who were drafted in [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]] and sent to Camp Lewis in 1918. Because they refused to wear the military uniform and to obey other military orders they were court-martialed and sentenced to 20 years in Alcatraz (California) prison. In November, after suffering terrible mistreatment for four months at Alcatraz, they with two other Hutterites who had endured the same kind of punishment were sent to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Forced to stand in the cold air for several hours without their outer clothing while waiting for their prison garb, the two men became ill and died a few days later. In the meantime their two friends had to stand for nine hours a day with their hands manacled through the prison bars on a diet of bread and water. Fourteen days of this treatment were alternated with fourteen days of regular diet. Eventually an order from U.S.A. Secretary of War Baker ended this kind of treatment of conscientious objectors. David Hofer was released from prison that winter, but his friend Jacob Wipf was not released until 13 April 1919. | Joseph and Michael Hofer were two young married brothers of the [[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterian]] faith in [[South Dakota (USA)|South Dakota]], who were drafted in [[World War (1914-1918)|World War I]] and sent to Camp Lewis in 1918. Because they refused to wear the military uniform and to obey other military orders they were court-martialed and sentenced to 20 years in Alcatraz (California) prison. In November, after suffering terrible mistreatment for four months at Alcatraz, they with two other Hutterites who had endured the same kind of punishment were sent to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Forced to stand in the cold air for several hours without their outer clothing while waiting for their prison garb, the two men became ill and died a few days later. In the meantime their two friends had to stand for nine hours a day with their hands manacled through the prison bars on a diet of bread and water. Fourteen days of this treatment were alternated with fourteen days of regular diet. Eventually an order from U.S.A. Secretary of War Baker ended this kind of treatment of conscientious objectors. David Hofer was released from prison that winter, but his friend Jacob Wipf was not released until 13 April 1919. | ||
"This moving story," wrote C. Henry Smith, "reads more like a page from the martyrology of the European Mennonites in the sixteenth century, than like an actual experience in America in the twentieth." Although this was the most extreme case of mistreatment given [[Conscientious Objection|conscientious objectors]] in America during World War I, hundreds of Mennonites and other objectors suffered various forms of indignities and cruelties in camp guardhouses and military prisons during those years, usually, to be sure, at the hands of local camp officials and lower military officers without the full knowledge of the War Department in Washington. Both the President and the Secretary of War showed a sympathetic spirit toward sincere objectors. | "This moving story," wrote C. Henry Smith, "reads more like a page from the martyrology of the European Mennonites in the sixteenth century, than like an actual experience in America in the twentieth." Although this was the most extreme case of mistreatment given [[Conscientious Objection|conscientious objectors]] in America during World War I, hundreds of Mennonites and other objectors suffered various forms of indignities and cruelties in camp guardhouses and military prisons during those years, usually, to be sure, at the hands of local camp officials and lower military officers without the full knowledge of the War Department in Washington. Both the President and the Secretary of War showed a sympathetic spirit toward sincere objectors. | ||
= Bibliography = | = Bibliography = | ||
| + | GRANDMA (The '''G'''enealogical '''R'''egistry '''an'''d '''D'''atabase of '''M'''ennonite '''A'''ncestry) Database, 7.03 ed. Fresno, CA: California Mennonite Historical Society, 2013: #44380, 44381. | ||
| + | |||
Hartzler, J. S. <em>Mennonites in the World War</em>. Scottdale, PA, 1922. | Hartzler, J. S. <em>Mennonites in the World War</em>. Scottdale, PA, 1922. | ||
Smith, C. H. <em>The Coming of the Russian Mennonites</em>. Berne, IN, 1927: 276-83. | Smith, C. H. <em>The Coming of the Russian Mennonites</em>. Berne, IN, 1927: 276-83. | ||
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 4, pp. 1092-1093|date=1959|a1_last=Gingerich|a1_first=Melvin|a2_last=|a2_first=}} | {{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 4, pp. 1092-1093|date=1959|a1_last=Gingerich|a1_first=Melvin|a2_last=|a2_first=}} | ||
Latest revision as of 06:40, 16 September 2013
Michael Hofer (13 July 1893-2 December 1918, Leavenworth, Kansas) and Joseph Hofer (25 October 1894-29 November 1918, Leavenworth, Kansas) were the sons of Jacob Hofer (24 August 1860-27 July 1933) and Susanna (Hofer) Hofer (28 April 1859-6 May 1938). Michael and Joseph were the 12th and 13th children born to Jacob and Susanna out of a total of 20 children, of which five died in infancy or childhood.
Joseph and Michael Hofer were two young married brothers of the Hutterian faith in South Dakota, who were drafted in World War I and sent to Camp Lewis in 1918. Because they refused to wear the military uniform and to obey other military orders they were court-martialed and sentenced to 20 years in Alcatraz (California) prison. In November, after suffering terrible mistreatment for four months at Alcatraz, they with two other Hutterites who had endured the same kind of punishment were sent to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Forced to stand in the cold air for several hours without their outer clothing while waiting for their prison garb, the two men became ill and died a few days later. In the meantime their two friends had to stand for nine hours a day with their hands manacled through the prison bars on a diet of bread and water. Fourteen days of this treatment were alternated with fourteen days of regular diet. Eventually an order from U.S.A. Secretary of War Baker ended this kind of treatment of conscientious objectors. David Hofer was released from prison that winter, but his friend Jacob Wipf was not released until 13 April 1919.
"This moving story," wrote C. Henry Smith, "reads more like a page from the martyrology of the European Mennonites in the sixteenth century, than like an actual experience in America in the twentieth." Although this was the most extreme case of mistreatment given conscientious objectors in America during World War I, hundreds of Mennonites and other objectors suffered various forms of indignities and cruelties in camp guardhouses and military prisons during those years, usually, to be sure, at the hands of local camp officials and lower military officers without the full knowledge of the War Department in Washington. Both the President and the Secretary of War showed a sympathetic spirit toward sincere objectors.
Bibliography
GRANDMA (The Genealogical Registry and Database of Mennonite Ancestry) Database, 7.03 ed. Fresno, CA: California Mennonite Historical Society, 2013: #44380, 44381.
Hartzler, J. S. Mennonites in the World War. Scottdale, PA, 1922.
Smith, C. H. The Coming of the Russian Mennonites. Berne, IN, 1927: 276-83.
| Author(s) | Melvin Gingerich |
|---|---|
| Date Published | 1959 |
Cite This Article
MLA style
Gingerich, Melvin. "Hofer Brothers." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1959. Web. 16 Apr 2024. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Hofer_Brothers&oldid=101622.
APA style
Gingerich, Melvin. (1959). Hofer Brothers. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 16 April 2024, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Hofer_Brothers&oldid=101622.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, pp. 1092-1093. All rights reserved.
©1996-2024 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.