Difference between revisions of "Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Parma, Regent of the Netherlands (1522-1586)"
| [unchecked revision] | [checked revision] |
GameoAdmin (talk | contribs) (CSV import - 20130820) |
GameoAdmin (talk | contribs) (CSV import - 20130823) |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| − | [[File:Margaretha-van-Parma.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Margaret of Parma (1522-1586) | + | [[File:Margaretha-van-Parma.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Margaret of Parma (1522-1586) |
| − | Source: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikipedia Commons] | + | Source: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wikipedia Commons]'']] Margaret of Parma: regent of the [[Netherlands|Netherlands]] 1559-1567; was born 28 December 1522, the natural daughter of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500-1558)|Emperor Charles V]] and his mistress, Johanna Maria van der Gheynst. Margaret was raised by her great-aunt, [[Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands (1480-1530)|Margaret of Austria]], and her aunt, [[Maria of Habsburg, Regent of the Netherlands (1505-1558)|Maria of Habsburg]], both governors of the Netherlands. Margaret governed in the name of her half brother Philip II of Spain when Philip left for Spain in 1559, and governed until her resignation in 1567 in favor of [[Alba, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3rd Duke of (1507-1582)|Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba]]. Margaret died 18 January 1586. |
| − | |||
| − | '']] Margaret of Parma: regent of the [[Netherlands|Netherlands]] 1559-1567; was born 28 December 1522, the natural daughter of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500-1558)|Emperor Charles V]] and his mistress, Johanna Maria van der Gheynst. Margaret was raised by her great-aunt, [[Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands (1480-1530)|Margaret of Austria]], and her aunt, [[Maria of Habsburg, Regent of the Netherlands (1505-1558)|Maria of Habsburg]], both governors of the Netherlands. Margaret governed in the name of her half brother Philip II of Spain when Philip left for Spain in 1559, and governed until her resignation in 1567 in favor of [[Alba, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3rd Duke of (1507-1582)|Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba]]. Margaret died 18 January 1586. | ||
Following the policy of her predecessor, [[Maria of Habsburg, Regent of the Netherlands (1505-1558)|Maria of Habsburg]], Margaret vigorously opposed the rise of heresy, though less consistently than Philip. In general her conduct of the government lacked independence and was influenced by all sorts of moods and opinions. At first she was under the staunchly Catholic influence of [[Granvelle, Antoine Perrenot de (1517-1586)|Cardinal Granvelle]], and absolutely refused to lighten the persecution of heretics. After his departure she expressed the opinion that it was enough to punish those who caused insurrection, held secret meetings, or possessed bad books. She asked the king to pardon the [[Anabaptism|Anabaptists]] imprisoned at [[Utrecht (Utrecht, Netherlands)|Utrecht]], [[Middelburg (Zeeland, Netherlands)|Middelburg]], and other places, if they would recant. When the king refused to spare their lives she ordered their execution in December 1565, at the same time expressing her opinion that such measures were harmful. On 20 August 1565 she wrote a letter to Count John de Ligne, Duke of Aremberg, stadholder of Friesland, urging him to keep a watchful eye on the Anabaptists and other sects. In December 1567, when [[Alba, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3rd Duke of (1507-1582)|Alba]] came, she left the Netherlands protesting against the harsh measures which he was instructed to execute against the "heretics." | Following the policy of her predecessor, [[Maria of Habsburg, Regent of the Netherlands (1505-1558)|Maria of Habsburg]], Margaret vigorously opposed the rise of heresy, though less consistently than Philip. In general her conduct of the government lacked independence and was influenced by all sorts of moods and opinions. At first she was under the staunchly Catholic influence of [[Granvelle, Antoine Perrenot de (1517-1586)|Cardinal Granvelle]], and absolutely refused to lighten the persecution of heretics. After his departure she expressed the opinion that it was enough to punish those who caused insurrection, held secret meetings, or possessed bad books. She asked the king to pardon the [[Anabaptism|Anabaptists]] imprisoned at [[Utrecht (Utrecht, Netherlands)|Utrecht]], [[Middelburg (Zeeland, Netherlands)|Middelburg]], and other places, if they would recant. When the king refused to spare their lives she ordered their execution in December 1565, at the same time expressing her opinion that such measures were harmful. On 20 August 1565 she wrote a letter to Count John de Ligne, Duke of Aremberg, stadholder of Friesland, urging him to keep a watchful eye on the Anabaptists and other sects. In December 1567, when [[Alba, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3rd Duke of (1507-1582)|Alba]] came, she left the Netherlands protesting against the harsh measures which he was instructed to execute against the "heretics." | ||
Latest revision as of 14:08, 23 August 2013
Margaret of Parma: regent of the Netherlands 1559-1567; was born 28 December 1522, the natural daughter of Emperor Charles V and his mistress, Johanna Maria van der Gheynst. Margaret was raised by her great-aunt, Margaret of Austria, and her aunt, Maria of Habsburg, both governors of the Netherlands. Margaret governed in the name of her half brother Philip II of Spain when Philip left for Spain in 1559, and governed until her resignation in 1567 in favor of Ferdinand Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba. Margaret died 18 January 1586.
Following the policy of her predecessor, Maria of Habsburg, Margaret vigorously opposed the rise of heresy, though less consistently than Philip. In general her conduct of the government lacked independence and was influenced by all sorts of moods and opinions. At first she was under the staunchly Catholic influence of Cardinal Granvelle, and absolutely refused to lighten the persecution of heretics. After his departure she expressed the opinion that it was enough to punish those who caused insurrection, held secret meetings, or possessed bad books. She asked the king to pardon the Anabaptists imprisoned at Utrecht, Middelburg, and other places, if they would recant. When the king refused to spare their lives she ordered their execution in December 1565, at the same time expressing her opinion that such measures were harmful. On 20 August 1565 she wrote a letter to Count John de Ligne, Duke of Aremberg, stadholder of Friesland, urging him to keep a watchful eye on the Anabaptists and other sects. In December 1567, when Alba came, she left the Netherlands protesting against the harsh measures which he was instructed to execute against the "heretics."
Bibliography
Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. Mennonitisches Lexikon, 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. II, 626; v. III, 35 f.
| Author(s) | Christian Neff |
|---|---|
| Richard D. Thiessen | |
| Date Published | December 2007 |
Cite This Article
MLA style
Neff, Christian and Richard D. Thiessen. "Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Parma, Regent of the Netherlands (1522-1586)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. December 2007. Web. 19 Apr 2024. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Austria,_Duchess_of_Parma,_Regent_of_the_Netherlands_(1522-1586)&oldid=92581.
APA style
Neff, Christian and Richard D. Thiessen. (December 2007). Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Parma, Regent of the Netherlands (1522-1586). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 19 April 2024, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Austria,_Duchess_of_Parma,_Regent_of_the_Netherlands_(1522-1586)&oldid=92581.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 3, p. 478. All rights reserved.
©1996-2024 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.