https://gameo.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=AlfRedekopp&feedformat=atomGAMEO - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T10:07:03ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.35.1https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Wall_Mottos_(Wandspr%C3%BCche)&diff=178341Wall Mottos (Wandsprüche)2024-02-23T02:56:01Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
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[[File:671-004.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''This photograph shows Congolese visitors sitting at a Mennonite farmer's table with two small German Wall Mottos mounted on the wall.<br>Photo: [https://archives.mhsc.ca/index.php/congolese-visit-to-manitoba-eating MAID Mennonite Heritage Archives (671-04)]'']]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche8.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''A sample Wall Motto colour printed on paperboard. Size: 16.4 x 10.0 cm.'' ]]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche13.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''An English language Wall Motto on paperboard with a coloured illustration. The text on the back reads: "Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year from your Sunday School teacher Mrs. Martin Klaassen." It dates from about 1940. Size: 22.8 x 17.1 cm'']]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche10.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''A wood framed English language Wall Motto with fraktur type lettering. The glass is painted black with a white pained outer frame. The design and lettering are without paint though outlined in white with red, green and silver foil showing through. Thought to be made in the late 1950s. Size: 28.2 x 38.2 cm.'']]<br />
<br />
Wall Mottos, sometimes called wall sayings and known in German as: ''Wandsprüche'', are short texts usually of Bible verses, and sometimes of proverbs or wise saying that were set into a picture type frame and mounted on a wall in a Mennonite home. Some are embroidered but most are made of paperboard, or wood or glass or metal and sometimes with decorative ornaments or set in a picture frame. Many were commercially produced but some were individually and artistically created and those can be considered a form of [[Folk Arts|Folk Art]] as described by Ervin Beck. In most conservative [[Amish Mennonites|Amish]] and Mennonite homes they were the only form of wall decoration because the mounting photographs or pictures were thought of as a vanity and a violation of Exodus 20:4. <br />
<br />
In the Reformation movements [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] and [[Calvinism and Mennonitism (Netherlands)|Calvinist]] were iconoclastic and worked to remove all pictures, icons and monuments from their places of worship. Thus, their Church buildings and as a consequence also their homes were simple and unadorned. Mennonites all through their history were literate people and preferred to contemplate on Bible texts rather than pictures. Mennonite homes in [[Russia]] were also known to mount some forms of these Wall Mottos. The more elaborate glass form of these Wall Mottos in Mennonite homes in the early 20th century Russia are seen in photographs on page 25 of the book ''Als Ihre Zeit Erfüllt War'', by Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel.<br />
<br />
From the middle of the nineteenth to the twentieth century Wall Mottos also became popular to the general public in Europe and America and were produced in different languages and formats. In the [[United States of America|United States]] and [[Ontario (Canada)|Ontario]] where Mennonites in those years favoured the English language, they placed on their walls English language forms of Wall Sayings. For example, many forms of these are seen listed for sale on 10 pages of the 1923-24 ''Catalog of the Mennonite Publishing House'' (Scottdale, Penna.). In Amish or conservative Mennonite homes where the German language was spoken, as for example in the homes of [[Old Colony Mennonites]] on the Canadian prairies, these Walls Sayings in German were often found. The 1934 catalogue of the ''Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeselschäft'' (Winnipeg, Manitoba) list three pages of a variety of these Wandsprüche. The price of the Wall Mottos in these catalogues ranged from 10-50¢ each. Printers first produced them in large quantities on paperboard and then in the 20th century many small businesses began manufacturing then in modest decorative forms on wood, metal or glass. Beginning in about the 1920s some Mennonite churches began adding a popular Bible verse to the front wall of their sanctuary. Those congregations using the German language had these words always in lettered in Fraktur type German and English language congregations used Roman lettering. <br />
<br />
From the 1920s to 1950s in private Mennonite schools, in youth groups and occasionally an inspired individual would gather materials and work individually or in groups to craft their own Wall Mottos. Ervin Beck describes the creations by several highly skilled Amish craftworkers. The Commercially made ones or these individually crafted Wall Mottos were given as gifts at [[Baptism|baptisms]], anniversaries or at weddings. In the last part of the twentieth century and as Mennonite Churches and their members integrated more into their national societies and also transitioned from the German language to English the use of Wall Mottos fell into disfavour though as an art form they were still revered. <br />
<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Beck, Ervin. "Mennonite and Amish Painting on Glass." ''Mennonite Quarterly Review''. Vol. 63, no. 1, April 1989. pp. 115-149.<br />
<br />
Brednich, Rolf, ''Mennonite Folklife And Folklore : A Preliminary Report''. Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies. Ottawa, Ontario. 1977. 116 pages <br />
<br />
''Deutsche Bücher Wegweisser für Bücherfreund'': Winnipeg, Manitoba. Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeschäft. [1934], 128 pages. <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Als ihre Zeit erfüllt war : 150 Jahre Bewährung in Russland.'' Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Modern Press, 1964, 211 pages. See page 25. <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Mennonites in Canada: A Pictorial Review.'' Altona, Manitoba. D. W. Friesen & Sons Ltd. 1961. See pictorial examples on pages 64, 97, and 190.<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- Fill out fields as needed (replace UPPERCASE text) --><br />
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=22 February 2024|a1_last=Wiebe|a1_first=Victor G|a2_last=|a2_first=}}</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Wall_Mottos_(Wandspr%C3%BCche)&diff=178340Wall Mottos (Wandsprüche)2024-02-23T02:48:59Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
<hr />
<div><!-- Force the table of contents to appear first --><br />
__FORCETOC__<br />
__TOC__<br />
[[File:671-004.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''This photograph shows Congolese visitors sitting at a Mennonite farmer's table with two small German Wall Mottos mounted on the wall.<br>Photo: [https://archives.mhsc.ca/index.php/congolese-visit-to-manitoba-eating MAID Mennonite Heritage Archives (671-04)]'']]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche8.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''A sample Wall Motto colour printed on paperboard. Size: 16.4 x 10.0 cm.'' ]]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche13.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''An English language Wall Motto on paperboard with a coloured illustration. The text on the back reads: "Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year from your Sunday School teacher Mrs. Martin Klaassen." It dates from about 1940. Size: 22.8 x 17.1 cm'']]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche10.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''A wood framed English language Wall Motto with fraktur type lettering. The glass is painted black with a white pained outer frame. The design and lettering are without paint though outlined in white with red, green and silver foil showing through. Thought to be made in the late 1950s. Size: 28.2 x 38.2 cm.'']]<br />
<br />
Wall Mottos, sometimes called wall sayings and known in German as: ''Wandsprüche'', are short texts usually of Bible verses, and sometimes of proverbs or wise saying that were set into a picture type frame and mounted on a wall in a Mennonite home. Some are embroidered but most are made of paperboard, or wood or glass or metal and sometimes with decorative ornaments or set in a picture frame. Many were commercially produced but some were individually and artistically created and those can be considered a form of Folk Art as described by Ervin Beck. In most conservative Amish and Mennonite homes they were the only form of wall decoration because the mounting photographs or pictures were thought of as a vanity and a violation of Exodus 20:4. <br />
<br />
In the Reformation movements Anabaptist and Calvinist were iconoclastic and worked to remove all pictures, icons and monuments from their places of worship. Thus, their Church buildings and as a consequence also their homes were simple and unadorned. Mennonites all through their history were literate people and preferred to contemplate on Bible texts rather than pictures. Mennonite homes in Russia were also known to mount some forms of these Wall Mottos. The more elaborate glass form of these Wall Mottos in Mennonite homes in the early 20th century Russia are seen in photographs on page 25 of the book ''Als Ihre Zeit Erfüllt War'', by Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel.<br />
<br />
From the middle of the nineteenth to the twentieth century Wall Mottos also became popular to the general public in Europe and America and were produced in different languages and formats. In the United States and Ontario where Mennonites in those years favoured the English language, they placed on their walls English language forms of Wall Sayings. For example, many forms of these are seen listed for sale on 10 pages of the 1923-24 ''Catalog of the Mennonite Publishing House'' (Scottdale, Penna.). In Amish or conservative Mennonite homes where the German language was spoken, as for example in the homes of Old Colony Mennonites on the Canadian prairies, these Walls Sayings in German were often found. The 1934 catalogue of the ''Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeselschäft'' (Winnipeg, Manitoba) list three pages of a variety of these Wandsprüche. The price of the Wall Mottos in these catalogues ranged from 10-50¢ each. Printers first produced them in large quantities on paperboard and then in the 20th century many small businesses began manufacturing then in modest decorative forms on wood, metal or glass. Beginning in about the 1920s some Mennonite churches began adding a popular Bible verse to the front wall of their sanctuary. Those congregations using the German language had these words always in lettered in Fraktur type German and English language congregations used Roman lettering. <br />
<br />
From the 1920s to 1950s in private Mennonite schools, in youth groups and occasionally an inspired individual would gather materials and work individually or in groups to craft their own Wall Mottos. Ervin Beck describes the creations by several highly skilled Amish craftworkers. The Commercially made ones or these individually crafted Wall Mottos were given as gifts at baptisms, anniversaries or at weddings. In the last part of the twentieth century and as Mennonite Churches and their members integrated more into their national societies and also transitioned from the German language to English the use of Wall Mottos fell into disfavour though as an art form they were still revered. <br />
<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Beck, Ervin. "Mennonite and Amish Painting on Glass." ''Mennonite Quarterly Review''. Vol. 63, no. 1, April 1989. pp. 115-149.<br />
<br />
Brednich, Rolf, ''Mennonite Folklife And Folklore : A Preliminary Report''. Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies. Ottawa, Ontario. 1977. 116 pages <br />
<br />
''Deutsche Bücher Wegweisser für Bücherfreund'': Winnipeg, Manitoba. Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeschäft. [1934], 128 pages. <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Als ihre Zeit erfüllt war : 150 Jahre Bewährung in Russland.'' Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Modern Press, 1964, 211 pages. See page 25. <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Mennonites in Canada: A Pictorial Review.'' Altona, Manitoba. D. W. Friesen & Sons Ltd. 1961. See pictorial examples on pages 64, 97, and 190.<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- Fill out fields as needed (replace UPPERCASE text) --><br />
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=22 February 2024|a1_last=Wiebe|a1_first=Victor G|a2_last=|a2_first=}}</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Wall_Mottos_(Wandspr%C3%BCche)&diff=178339Wall Mottos (Wandsprüche)2024-02-23T02:47:15Z<p>AlfRedekopp: /* Bibliography */</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- Force the table of contents to appear first --><br />
__FORCETOC__<br />
__TOC__<br />
[[File:671-004.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''This photograph shows Congolese visitors sitting at a Mennonite farmer's table with two small German Wall Mottos mounted on the wall.<br>Photo: Mennonite Heritage Archives (671-04)'']]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche8.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''A sample Wall Motto colour printed on paperboard. Size: 16.4 x 10.0 cm.'' ]]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche13.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''An English language Wall Motto on paperboard with a coloured illustration. The text on the back reads: "Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year from your Sunday School teacher Mrs. Martin Klaassen." It dates from about 1940. Size: 22.8 x 17.1 cm'']]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche10.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''A wood framed English language Wall Motto with fraktur type lettering. The glass is painted black with a white pained outer frame. The design and lettering are without paint though outlined in white with red, green and silver foil showing through. Thought to be made in the late 1950s. Size: 28.2 x 38.2 cm.'']]<br />
<br />
Wall Mottos, sometimes called wall sayings and known in German as: ''Wandsprüche'', are short texts usually of Bible verses, and sometimes of proverbs or wise saying that were set into a picture type frame and mounted on a wall in a Mennonite home. Some are embroidered but most are made of paperboard, or wood or glass or metal and sometimes with decorative ornaments or set in a picture frame. Many were commercially produced but some were individually and artistically created and those can be considered a form of Folk Art as described by Ervin Beck. In most conservative Amish and Mennonite homes they were the only form of wall decoration because the mounting photographs or pictures were thought of as a vanity and a violation of Exodus 20:4. <br />
<br />
In the Reformation movements Anabaptist and Calvinist were iconoclastic and worked to remove all pictures, icons and monuments from their places of worship. Thus, their Church buildings and as a consequence also their homes were simple and unadorned. Mennonites all through their history were literate people and preferred to contemplate on Bible texts rather than pictures. Mennonite homes in Russia were also known to mount some forms of these Wall Mottos. The more elaborate glass form of these Wall Mottos in Mennonite homes in the early 20th century Russia are seen in photographs on page 25 of the book ''Als Ihre Zeit Erfüllt War'', by Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel.<br />
<br />
From the middle of the nineteenth to the twentieth century Wall Mottos also became popular to the general public in Europe and America and were produced in different languages and formats. In the United States and Ontario where Mennonites in those years favoured the English language, they placed on their walls English language forms of Wall Sayings. For example, many forms of these are seen listed for sale on 10 pages of the 1923-24 ''Catalog of the Mennonite Publishing House'' (Scottdale, Penna.). In Amish or conservative Mennonite homes where the German language was spoken, as for example in the homes of Old Colony Mennonites on the Canadian prairies, these Walls Sayings in German were often found. The 1934 catalogue of the ''Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeselschäft'' (Winnipeg, Manitoba) list three pages of a variety of these Wandsprüche. The price of the Wall Mottos in these catalogues ranged from 10-50¢ each. Printers first produced them in large quantities on paperboard and then in the 20th century many small businesses began manufacturing then in modest decorative forms on wood, metal or glass. Beginning in about the 1920s some Mennonite churches began adding a popular Bible verse to the front wall of their sanctuary. Those congregations using the German language had these words always in lettered in Fraktur type German and English language congregations used Roman lettering. <br />
<br />
From the 1920s to 1950s in private Mennonite schools, in youth groups and occasionally an inspired individual would gather materials and work individually or in groups to craft their own Wall Mottos. Ervin Beck describes the creations by several highly skilled Amish craftworkers. The Commercially made ones or these individually crafted Wall Mottos were given as gifts at baptisms, anniversaries or at weddings. In the last part of the twentieth century and as Mennonite Churches and their members integrated more into their national societies and also transitioned from the German language to English the use of Wall Mottos fell into disfavour though as an art form they were still revered. <br />
<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Beck, Ervin. "Mennonite and Amish Painting on Glass." ''Mennonite Quarterly Review''. Vol. 63, no. 1, April 1989. pp. 115-149.<br />
<br />
Brednich, Rolf, ''Mennonite Folklife And Folklore : A Preliminary Report''. Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies. Ottawa, Ontario. 1977. 116 pages <br />
<br />
''Deutsche Bücher Wegweisser für Bücherfreund'': Winnipeg, Manitoba. Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeschäft. [1934], 128 pages. <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Als ihre Zeit erfüllt war : 150 Jahre Bewährung in Russland.'' Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Modern Press, 1964, 211 pages. See page 25. <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Mennonites in Canada: A Pictorial Review.'' Altona, Manitoba. D. W. Friesen & Sons Ltd. 1961. See pictorial examples on pages 64, 97, and 190.<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- Fill out fields as needed (replace UPPERCASE text) --><br />
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=22 February 2024|a1_last=Wiebe|a1_first=Victor G|a2_last=|a2_first=}}</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Wall_Mottos_(Wandspr%C3%BCche)&diff=178338Wall Mottos (Wandsprüche)2024-02-23T02:45:41Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
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__FORCETOC__<br />
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[[File:671-004.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''This photograph shows Congolese visitors sitting at a Mennonite farmer's table with two small German Wall Mottos mounted on the wall.<br>Photo: Mennonite Heritage Archives (671-04)'']]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche8.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''A sample Wall Motto colour printed on paperboard. Size: 16.4 x 10.0 cm.'' ]]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche13.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''An English language Wall Motto on paperboard with a coloured illustration. The text on the back reads: "Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year from your Sunday School teacher Mrs. Martin Klaassen." It dates from about 1940. Size: 22.8 x 17.1 cm'']]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche10.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''A wood framed English language Wall Motto with fraktur type lettering. The glass is painted black with a white pained outer frame. The design and lettering are without paint though outlined in white with red, green and silver foil showing through. Thought to be made in the late 1950s. Size: 28.2 x 38.2 cm.'']]<br />
<br />
Wall Mottos, sometimes called wall sayings and known in German as: ''Wandsprüche'', are short texts usually of Bible verses, and sometimes of proverbs or wise saying that were set into a picture type frame and mounted on a wall in a Mennonite home. Some are embroidered but most are made of paperboard, or wood or glass or metal and sometimes with decorative ornaments or set in a picture frame. Many were commercially produced but some were individually and artistically created and those can be considered a form of Folk Art as described by Ervin Beck. In most conservative Amish and Mennonite homes they were the only form of wall decoration because the mounting photographs or pictures were thought of as a vanity and a violation of Exodus 20:4. <br />
<br />
In the Reformation movements Anabaptist and Calvinist were iconoclastic and worked to remove all pictures, icons and monuments from their places of worship. Thus, their Church buildings and as a consequence also their homes were simple and unadorned. Mennonites all through their history were literate people and preferred to contemplate on Bible texts rather than pictures. Mennonite homes in Russia were also known to mount some forms of these Wall Mottos. The more elaborate glass form of these Wall Mottos in Mennonite homes in the early 20th century Russia are seen in photographs on page 25 of the book ''Als Ihre Zeit Erfüllt War'', by Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel.<br />
<br />
From the middle of the nineteenth to the twentieth century Wall Mottos also became popular to the general public in Europe and America and were produced in different languages and formats. In the United States and Ontario where Mennonites in those years favoured the English language, they placed on their walls English language forms of Wall Sayings. For example, many forms of these are seen listed for sale on 10 pages of the 1923-24 ''Catalog of the Mennonite Publishing House'' (Scottdale, Penna.). In Amish or conservative Mennonite homes where the German language was spoken, as for example in the homes of Old Colony Mennonites on the Canadian prairies, these Walls Sayings in German were often found. The 1934 catalogue of the ''Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeselschäft'' (Winnipeg, Manitoba) list three pages of a variety of these Wandsprüche. The price of the Wall Mottos in these catalogues ranged from 10-50¢ each. Printers first produced them in large quantities on paperboard and then in the 20th century many small businesses began manufacturing then in modest decorative forms on wood, metal or glass. Beginning in about the 1920s some Mennonite churches began adding a popular Bible verse to the front wall of their sanctuary. Those congregations using the German language had these words always in lettered in Fraktur type German and English language congregations used Roman lettering. <br />
<br />
From the 1920s to 1950s in private Mennonite schools, in youth groups and occasionally an inspired individual would gather materials and work individually or in groups to craft their own Wall Mottos. Ervin Beck describes the creations by several highly skilled Amish craftworkers. The Commercially made ones or these individually crafted Wall Mottos were given as gifts at baptisms, anniversaries or at weddings. In the last part of the twentieth century and as Mennonite Churches and their members integrated more into their national societies and also transitioned from the German language to English the use of Wall Mottos fell into disfavour though as an art form they were still revered. <br />
<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Beck, Ervin. "Mennonite and Amish Painting on Glass." ''Mennonite Quarterly Review''. Vol. 63, no. 1, April 1989. pp. 115-149.<br />
<br />
Brednich, Rolf, ''Mennonite Folklife And Folklore : A Preliminary Report''. Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies. Ottawa, Ontario. 1977. 116 pages <br />
<br />
''Deutsche Bücher Wegweisser für Bücherfreund'': Winnipeg, Manitoba. Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeschäft. [1934], 128 pages. <br />
<br />
MAID: Reference code: CA MHC 671-4.0: Title: Congolese visit to Manitoba eating. Date(s): 1971. (Creation). <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Als ihre Zeit erfüllt war : 150 Jahre Bewährung in Russland.'' Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Modern Press, 1964, 211 pages. See page 25. <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Mennonites in Canada: A Pictorial Review.'' Altona, Manitoba. D. W. Friesen & Sons Ltd. 1961. See pictorial examples on pages 64, 97, and 190.<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- Fill out fields as needed (replace UPPERCASE text) --><br />
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=22 February 2024|a1_last=Wiebe|a1_first=Victor G|a2_last=|a2_first=}}</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Wall_Mottos_(Wandspr%C3%BCche)&diff=178337Wall Mottos (Wandsprüche)2024-02-23T02:44:51Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
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<div><!-- Force the table of contents to appear first --><br />
__FORCETOC__<br />
__TOC__<br />
[[File:671-004.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''This photograph shows Congolese visitors sitting at a Mennonite farmer's table with two small German Wall Mottos mounted on the wall.<br>Photo: Mennonite Heritage Archives (671-04)'']]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche8.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''A sample Wall Motto colour printed on paperboard. Size: 16.4 x 10.0 cm.'' ]]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche13.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''An English language Wall Motto on paperboard with a coloured illustration. The text on the back reads: "Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year from your Sunday School teacher Mrs. Martin Klaassen." It dates from about 1940. Size: 22.8 x 17.1 cm'']]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche10.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''A wood framed English language Wall Motto with fraktur type lettering. The glass is painted black with a white pained outer frame. The design and lettering are without paint though outlined in white with red, green and silver foil showing through. Thought to be made in the late 1950s. Size: 28.2 x 38.2 cm.'']]<br />
<br />
Wall Mottos, sometimes called wall sayings and known in German as: ''Wandsprüche'', are short texts usually of Bible verses, and sometimes of proverbs or wise saying that were set into a picture type frame and mounted on a wall in a Mennonite home. Some are embroidered but most are made of paperboard, or wood or glass or metal and sometimes with decorative ornaments or set in a picture frame. Many were commercially produced but some were individually and artistically created and those can be considered a form of Folk Art as described by Ervin Beck. In most conservative Amish and Mennonite homes they were the only form of wall decoration because the mounting photographs or pictures were thought of as a vanity and a violation of Exodus 20:4. <br />
<br />
In the Reformation movements Anabaptist and Calvinist were iconoclastic and worked to remove all pictures, icons and monuments from their places of worship. Thus, their Church buildings and as a consequence also their homes were simple and unadorned. Mennonites all through their history were literate people and preferred to contemplate on Bible texts rather than pictures. Mennonite homes in Russia were also known to mount some forms of these Wall Mottos. The more elaborate glass form of these Wall Mottos in Mennonite homes in the early 20th century Russia are seen in photographs on page 25 of the book ''Als Ihre Zeit Erfüllt War'', by Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel.<br />
<br />
From the middle of the nineteenth to the twentieth century Wall Mottos also became popular to the general public in Europe and America and were produced in different languages and formats. In the United States and Ontario where Mennonites in those years favoured the English language, they placed on their walls English language forms of Wall Sayings. For example, many forms of these are seen listed for sale on 10 pages of the 1923-24 ''Catalog of the Mennonite Publishing House'' (Scottdale, Penna.). In Amish or conservative Mennonite homes where the German language was spoken, as for example in the homes of Old Colony Mennonites on the Canadian prairies, these Walls Sayings in German were often found. The 1934 catalogue of the ''Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeselschäft'' (Winnipeg, Manitoba) list three pages of a variety of these Wandsprüche. The price of the Wall Mottos in these catalogues ranged from 10-50¢ each. Printers first produced them in large quantities on paperboard and then in the 20th century many small businesses began manufacturing then in modest decorative forms on wood, metal or glass. Beginning in about the 1920s some Mennonite churches began adding a popular Bible verse to the front wall of their sanctuary. Those congregations using the German language had these words always in lettered in Fraktur type German and English language congregations used Roman lettering. <br />
<br />
From the 1920s to 1950s in private Mennonite schools, in youth groups and occasionally an inspired individual would gather materials and work individually or in groups to craft their own Wall Mottos. Ervin Beck describes the creations by several highly skilled Amish craftworkers. The Commercially made ones or these individually crafted Wall Mottos were given as gifts at baptisms, anniversaries or at weddings. In the last part of the twentieth century and as Mennonite Churches and their members integrated more into their national societies and also transitioned from the German language to English the use of Wall Mottos fell into disfavour though as an art form they were still revered. <br />
<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Beck, Ervin. "Mennonite and Amish Painting on Glass." ''Mennonite Quarterly Review''. Vol. 63, no. 1, April 1989. pp. 115-149.<br />
<br />
Brednich, Rolf, ''Mennonite Folklife And Folklore : A Preliminary Report''. Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies. Ottawa, Ontario. 1977. 116 pages <br />
<br />
''Deutsche Bücher Wegweisser für Bücherfreund'': Winnipeg, Manitoba. Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeschäft. [1934], 128 pages. <br />
<br />
MAID: Reference code: CA MHC 671-4.0: Title: Congolese visit to Manitoba eating. Date(s): 1971. (Creation). <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Als ihre Zeit erfüllt war : 150 Jahre Bewährung in Russland.'' Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Modern Press, 1964, 211 pages. See page 25. <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Mennonites in Canada: A Pictorial Review.'' Altona, Manitoba. D. W. Friesen & Sons Ltd. 1961. See pictorial examples on pages 64, 97, and 190.<br />
<br />
<br />
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[[File:671-004.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''This photograph shows Congolese visitors sitting at a Mennonite farmer's table with two small German Wall Mottos mounted on the wall.<br>Photo: Mennonite Heritage Archives (671-04)'']]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche8.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''A sample Wall Motto colour printed on paperboard. Size: 16.4 x 10.0 cm.'' ]]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche13.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''An English language Wall Motto on paperboard with a coloured illustration. The text on the back reads: "Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year from your Sunday School teacher Mrs. Martin Klaassen." It dates from about 1940. Size: 22.8 x 17.1 cm'']]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche10.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''A wood framed English language Wall Motto with fraktur type lettering. The glass is painted black with a white pained outer frame. The design and lettering are without paint though outlined in white with red, green and silver foil showing through. Thought to be made in the late 1950s. Size: 28.2 x 38.2 cm.'']]<br />
<br />
Wall Mottos, sometimes called wall sayings and known in German as: ''Wandsprüche'', are short texts usually of Bible verses, and sometimes of proverbs or wise saying that were set into a picture type frame and mounted on a wall in a Mennonite home. Some are embroidered but most are made of paperboard, or wood or glass or metal and sometimes with decorative ornaments or set in a picture frame. Many were commercially produced but some were individually and artistically created and those can be considered a form of Folk Art as described by Ervin Beck. In most conservative Amish and Mennonite homes they were the only form of wall decoration because the mounting photographs or pictures were thought of as a vanity and a violation of Exodus 20:4. <br />
<br />
In the Reformation movements Anabaptist and Calvinist were iconoclastic and worked to remove all pictures, icons and monuments from their places of worship. Thus, their Church buildings and as a consequence also their homes were simple and unadorned. Mennonites all through their history were literate people and preferred to contemplate on Bible texts rather than pictures. Mennonite homes in Russia were also known to mount some forms of these Wall Mottos. The more elaborate glass form of these Wall Mottos in Mennonite homes in the early 20th century Russia are seen in photographs on page 25 of the book ''Als Ihre Zeit Erfüllt War'', by Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel.<br />
<br />
From the middle of the nineteenth to the twentieth century Wall Mottos also became popular to the general public in Europe and America and were produced in different languages and formats. In the United States and Ontario where Mennonites in those years favoured the English language, they placed on their walls English language forms of Wall Sayings. For example, many forms of these are seen listed for sale on 10 pages of the 1923-24 ''Catalog of the Mennonite Publishing House'' (Scottdale, Penna.). In Amish or conservative Mennonite homes where the German language was spoken, as for example in the homes of Old Colony Mennonites on the Canadian prairies, these Walls Sayings in German were often found. The 1934 catalogue of the ''Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeselschäft'' (Winnipeg, Manitoba) list three pages of a variety of these Wandsprüche. The price of the Wall Mottos in these catalogues ranged from 10-50¢ each. Printers first produced them in large quantities on paperboard and then in the 20th century many small businesses began manufacturing then in modest decorative forms on wood, metal or glass. Beginning in about the 1920s some Mennonite churches began adding a popular Bible verse to the front wall of their sanctuary. Those congregations using the German language had these words always in lettered in Fraktur type German and English language congregations used Roman lettering. <br />
<br />
From the 1920s to 1950s in private Mennonite schools, in youth groups and occasionally an inspired individual would gather materials and work individually or in groups to craft their own Wall Mottos. Ervin Beck describes the creations by several highly skilled Amish craftworkers. The Commercially made ones or these individually crafted Wall Mottos were given as gifts at baptisms, anniversaries or at weddings. In the last part of the twentieth century and as Mennonite Churches and their members integrated more into their national societies and also transitioned from the German language to English the use of Wall Mottos fell into disfavour though as an art form they were still revered. <br />
<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Beck, Ervin. "Mennonite and Amish Painting on Glass." ''Mennonite Quarterly Review''. Vol. 63, no. 1, April 1989. pp. 115-149.<br />
<br />
Brednich, Rolf, ''Mennonite Folklife And Folklore : A Preliminary Report''. Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies. Ottawa, Ontario. 1977. 116 pages <br />
<br />
''Deutsche Bücher Wegweisser für Bücherfreund'': Winnipeg, Manitoba. Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeschäft. [1934], 128 pages. <br />
<br />
MAID: Reference code: CA MHC 671-4.0: Title: Congolese visit to Manitoba eating. Date(s): 1971. (Creation). <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Als ihre Zeit erfüllt war : 150 Jahre Bewährung in Russland.'' Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Modern Press, 1964, 211 pages. See page 25. <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Mennonites in Canada: A Pictorial Review.'' Altona, Manitoba. D. W. Friesen & Sons Ltd. 1961. See pictorial examples on pages 64, 97, and 190.<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- Fill out fields as needed (replace UPPERCASE text) --><br />
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[[File:671-004.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''This photograph shows Congolese visitors sitting at a Mennonite farmer's table with two small German Wall Mottos mounted on the wall.<br>Photo: Mennonite Heritage Archives (671-04)'']]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche8.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''A sample Wall Motto colour printed on paperboard. Size: 16.4 x 10.0 cm.'' ]]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche13.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''An English language Wall Motto on paperboard with a coloured illustration. The text on the back reads: "Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year from your Sunday School teacher Mrs. Martin Klaassen." It dates from about 1940. Size: 22.8 x 17.1 cm'']]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche10.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''A wood framed English language Wall Motto with fraktur type lettering. The glass is painted black with a white pained outer frame. The design and lettering are without paint though outlined in white with red, green and silver foil showing through. Thought to be made in the late 1950s. Size: 28.2 x 38.2 cm.'']]<br />
<br />
Wall Mottos, sometimes called wall sayings and known in German as: ''Wandsprüche'', are short texts usually of Bible verses, and sometimes of proverbs or wise saying that were set into a picture type frame and mounted on a wall in a Mennonite home. Some are embroidered but most are made of paperboard, or wood or glass or metal and sometimes with decorative ornaments or set in a picture frame. Many were commercially produced but some were individually and artistically created and those can be considered a form of Folk Art as described by Ervin Beck. In most conservative Amish and Mennonite homes they were the only form of wall decoration because the mounting photographs or pictures were thought of as a vanity and a violation of Exodus 20:4. <br />
<br />
In the Reformation movements Anabaptist and Calvinist were iconoclastic and worked to remove all pictures, icons and monuments from their places of worship. Thus, their Church buildings and as a consequence also their homes were simple and unadorned. Mennonites all through their history were literate people and preferred to contemplate on Bible texts rather than pictures. Mennonite homes in Russia were also known to mount some forms of these Wall Mottos. The more elaborate glass form of these Wall Mottos in Mennonite homes in the early 20th century Russia are seen in photographs on page 25 of the book ''Als Ihre Zeit Erfüllt War'', by Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel.<br />
<br />
From the middle of the nineteenth to the twentieth century Wall Mottos also became popular to the general public in Europe and America and were produced in different languages and formats. In the United States and Ontario where Mennonites in those years favoured the English language, they placed on their walls English language forms of Wall Sayings. For example, many forms of these are seen listed for sale on 10 pages of the 1923-24 ''Catalog of the Mennonite Publishing House'' (Scottdale, Penna.). In Amish or conservative Mennonite homes where the German language was spoken, as for example in the homes of Old Colony Mennonites on the Canadian prairies, these Walls Sayings in German were often found. The 1934 catalogue of the ''Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeselschäft'' (Winnipeg, Manitoba) list three pages of a variety of these Wandsprüche. The price of the Wall Mottos in these catalogues ranged from 10-50¢ each. Printers first produced them in large quantities on paperboard and then in the 20th century many small businesses began manufacturing then in modest decorative forms on wood, metal or glass. Beginning in about the 1920s some Mennonite churches began adding a popular Bible verse to the front wall of their sanctuary. Those congregations using the German language had these words always in lettered in Fraktur type German and English language congregations used Roman lettering. <br />
<br />
From the 1920s to 1950s in private Mennonite schools, in youth groups and occasionally an inspired individual would gather materials and work individually or in groups to craft their own Wall Mottos. Ervin Beck describes the creations by several highly skilled Amish craftworkers. The Commercially made ones or these individually crafted Wall Mottos were given as gifts at baptisms, anniversaries or at weddings. In the last part of the twentieth century and as Mennonite Churches and their members integrated more into their national societies and also transitioned from the German language to English the use of Wall Mottos fell into disfavour though as an art form they were still revered. <br />
<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Beck, Ervin. "Mennonite and Amish Painting on Glass." ''Mennonite Quarterly Review''. Vol. 63, no. 1, April 1989. pp. 115-149.<br />
<br />
Brednich, Rolf, ''Mennonite Folklife And Folklore : A Preliminary Report''. Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies. Ottawa, Ontario. 1977. 116 pages <br />
<br />
''Deutsche Bücher Wegweisser für Bücherfreund'': Winnipeg, Manitoba. Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeschäft. [1934], 128 pages. <br />
<br />
MAID: Reference code: CA MHC 671-4.0: Title: Congolese visit to Manitoba eating. Date(s): 1971. (Creation). <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Als ihre Zeit erfüllt war : 150 Jahre Bewährung in Russland.'' Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Modern Press, 1964, 211 pages. See page 25. <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Mennonites in Canada: A Pictorial Review.'' Altona, Manitoba. D. W. Friesen & Sons Ltd. 1961. See pictorial examples on pages 64, 97, and 190.<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- Fill out fields as needed (replace UPPERCASE text) --><br />
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=22 February 2024|a1_last=Wiebe|a1_first=Victor G|a2_last=|a2_first=}}</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Wall_Mottos_(Wandspr%C3%BCche)&diff=178334Wall Mottos (Wandsprüche)2024-02-23T02:41:43Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
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[[File:671-004.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''This photograph shows Congolese visitors sitting at a Mennonite farmer's table with two small German Wall Mottos mounted on the wall.<br>Photo: Mennonite Heritage Archives (671-04)'']]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche8.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''A sample Wall Motto colour printed on paperboard. Size: 16.4 x 10.0 cm.'' ]]<br />
Wall Mottos, sometimes called wall sayings and known in German as: ''Wandsprüche'', are short texts usually of Bible verses, and sometimes of proverbs or wise saying that were set into a picture type frame and mounted on a wall in a Mennonite home. Some are embroidered but most are made of paperboard, or wood or glass or metal and sometimes with decorative ornaments or set in a picture frame. Many were commercially produced but some were individually and artistically created and those can be considered a form of Folk Art as described by Ervin Beck. In most conservative Amish and Mennonite homes they were the only form of wall decoration because the mounting photographs or pictures were thought of as a vanity and a violation of Exodus 20:4. <br />
[[File:Wandsprüche13.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''An English language Wall Motto on paperboard with a coloured illustration. The text on the back reads: "Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year from your Sunday School teacher Mrs. Martin Klaassen." It dates from about 1940. Size: 22.8 x 17.1 cm'']]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche10.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''A wood framed English language Wall Motto with fraktur type lettering. The glass is painted black with a white pained outer frame. The design and lettering are without paint though outlined in white with red, green and silver foil showing through. Thought to be made in the late 1950s. Size: 28.2 x 38.2 cm.'']]<br />
<br />
In the Reformation movements Anabaptist and Calvinist were iconoclastic and worked to remove all pictures, icons and monuments from their places of worship. Thus, their Church buildings and as a consequence also their homes were simple and unadorned. Mennonites all through their history were literate people and preferred to contemplate on Bible texts rather than pictures. Mennonite homes in Russia were also known to mount some forms of these Wall Mottos. The more elaborate glass form of these Wall Mottos in Mennonite homes in the early 20th century Russia are seen in photographs on page 25 of the book ''Als Ihre Zeit Erfüllt War'', by Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel.<br />
<br />
From the middle of the nineteenth to the twentieth century Wall Mottos also became popular to the general public in Europe and America and were produced in different languages and formats. In the United States and Ontario where Mennonites in those years favoured the English language, they placed on their walls English language forms of Wall Sayings. For example, many forms of these are seen listed for sale on 10 pages of the 1923-24 ''Catalog of the Mennonite Publishing House'' (Scottdale, Penna.). In Amish or conservative Mennonite homes where the German language was spoken, as for example in the homes of Old Colony Mennonites on the Canadian prairies, these Walls Sayings in German were often found. The 1934 catalogue of the ''Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeselschäft'' (Winnipeg, Manitoba) list three pages of a variety of these Wandsprüche. The price of the Wall Mottos in these catalogues ranged from 10-50¢ each. Printers first produced them in large quantities on paperboard and then in the 20th century many small businesses began manufacturing then in modest decorative forms on wood, metal or glass. Beginning in about the 1920s some Mennonite churches began adding a popular Bible verse to the front wall of their sanctuary. Those congregations using the German language had these words always in lettered in Fraktur type German and English language congregations used Roman lettering. <br />
<br />
From the 1920s to 1950s in private Mennonite schools, in youth groups and occasionally an inspired individual would gather materials and work individually or in groups to craft their own Wall Mottos. Ervin Beck describes the creations by several highly skilled Amish craftworkers. The Commercially made ones or these individually crafted Wall Mottos were given as gifts at baptisms, anniversaries or at weddings. In the last part of the twentieth century and as Mennonite Churches and their members integrated more into their national societies and also transitioned from the German language to English the use of Wall Mottos fell into disfavour though as an art form they were still revered. <br />
<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Beck, Ervin. "Mennonite and Amish Painting on Glass." ''Mennonite Quarterly Review''. Vol. 63, no. 1, April 1989. pp. 115-149.<br />
<br />
Brednich, Rolf, ''Mennonite Folklife And Folklore : A Preliminary Report''. Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies. Ottawa, Ontario. 1977. 116 pages <br />
<br />
''Deutsche Bücher Wegweisser für Bücherfreund'': Winnipeg, Manitoba. Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeschäft. [1934], 128 pages. <br />
<br />
MAID: Reference code: CA MHC 671-4.0: Title: Congolese visit to Manitoba eating. Date(s): 1971. (Creation). <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Als ihre Zeit erfüllt war : 150 Jahre Bewährung in Russland.'' Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Modern Press, 1964, 211 pages. See page 25. <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Mennonites in Canada: A Pictorial Review.'' Altona, Manitoba. D. W. Friesen & Sons Ltd. 1961. See pictorial examples on pages 64, 97, and 190.<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- Fill out fields as needed (replace UPPERCASE text) --><br />
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=22 February 2024|a1_last=Wiebe|a1_first=Victor G|a2_last=|a2_first=}}</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Wall_Mottos_(Wandspr%C3%BCche)&diff=178333Wall Mottos (Wandsprüche)2024-02-23T02:40:07Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
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[[File:671-004.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''This photograph shows Congolese visitors sitting at a Mennonite farmer's table with two small German Wall Mottos mounted on the wall.<br>Photo: Mennonite Heritage Archives (671-04)'']]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche8.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''A sample Wall Motto colour printed on paperboard. Size: 16.4 x 10.0 cm.'' ]]<br />
Wall Mottos, sometimes called wall sayings and known in German as: ''Wandsprüche'', are short texts usually of Bible verses, and sometimes of proverbs or wise saying that were set into a picture type frame and mounted on a wall in a Mennonite home. Some are embroidered but most are made of paperboard, or wood or glass or metal and sometimes with decorative ornaments or set in a picture frame. Many were commercially produced but some were individually and artistically created and those can be considered a form of Folk Art as described by Ervin Beck. In most conservative Amish and Mennonite homes they were the only form of wall decoration because the mounting photographs or pictures were thought of as a vanity and a violation of Exodus 20:4. <br />
[[File:Wandsprüche13.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''An English language Wall Motto on paperboard with a coloured illustration. The text on the back reads: "Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year from your Sunday School teacher Mrs. Martin Klaassen." It dates from about 1940. Size: 22.8 x 17.1 cm'']]<br />
In the Reformation movements Anabaptist and Calvinist were iconoclastic and worked to remove all pictures, icons and monuments from their places of worship. Thus, their Church buildings and as a consequence also their homes were simple and unadorned. Mennonites all through their history were literate people and preferred to contemplate on Bible texts rather than pictures. Mennonite homes in Russia were also known to mount some forms of these Wall Mottos. The more elaborate glass form of these Wall Mottos in Mennonite homes in the early 20th century Russia are seen in photographs on page 25 of the book ''Als Ihre Zeit Erfüllt War'', by Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel.<br />
<br />
From the middle of the nineteenth to the twentieth century Wall Mottos also became popular to the general public in Europe and America and were produced in different languages and formats. In the United States and Ontario where Mennonites in those years favoured the English language, they placed on their walls English language forms of Wall Sayings. For example, many forms of these are seen listed for sale on 10 pages of the 1923-24 ''Catalog of the Mennonite Publishing House'' (Scottdale, Penna.). In Amish or conservative Mennonite homes where the German language was spoken, as for example in the homes of Old Colony Mennonites on the Canadian prairies, these Walls Sayings in German were often found. The 1934 catalogue of the ''Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeselschäft'' (Winnipeg, Manitoba) list three pages of a variety of these Wandsprüche. The price of the Wall Mottos in these catalogues ranged from 10-50¢ each. Printers first produced them in large quantities on paperboard and then in the 20th century many small businesses began manufacturing then in modest decorative forms on wood, metal or glass. Beginning in about the 1920s some Mennonite churches began adding a popular Bible verse to the front wall of their sanctuary. Those congregations using the German language had these words always in lettered in Fraktur type German and English language congregations used Roman lettering. <br />
[[File:Wandsprüche10.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''A wood framed English language Wall Motto with fraktur type lettering. The glass is painted black with a white pained outer frame. The design and lettering are without paint though outlined in white with red, green and silver foil showing through. Thought to be made in the late 1950s. Size: 28.2 x 38.2 cm.'']]<br />
From the 1920s to 1950s in private Mennonite schools, in youth groups and occasionally an inspired individual would gather materials and work individually or in groups to craft their own Wall Mottos. Ervin Beck describes the creations by several highly skilled Amish craftworkers. The Commercially made ones or these individually crafted Wall Mottos were given as gifts at baptisms, anniversaries or at weddings. In the last part of the twentieth century and as Mennonite Churches and their members integrated more into their national societies and also transitioned from the German language to English the use of Wall Mottos fell into disfavour though as an art form they were still revered. <br />
<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Beck, Ervin. "Mennonite and Amish Painting on Glass." ''Mennonite Quarterly Review''. Vol. 63, no. 1, April 1989. pp. 115-149.<br />
<br />
Brednich, Rolf, ''Mennonite Folklife And Folklore : A Preliminary Report''. Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies. Ottawa, Ontario. 1977. 116 pages <br />
<br />
''Deutsche Bücher Wegweisser für Bücherfreund'': Winnipeg, Manitoba. Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeschäft. [1934], 128 pages. <br />
<br />
MAID: Reference code: CA MHC 671-4.0: Title: Congolese visit to Manitoba eating. Date(s): 1971. (Creation). <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Als ihre Zeit erfüllt war : 150 Jahre Bewährung in Russland.'' Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Modern Press, 1964, 211 pages. See page 25. <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Mennonites in Canada: A Pictorial Review.'' Altona, Manitoba. D. W. Friesen & Sons Ltd. 1961. See pictorial examples on pages 64, 97, and 190.<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- Fill out fields as needed (replace UPPERCASE text) --><br />
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[[File:671-004.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''This photograph shows Congolese visitors sitting at a Mennonite farmer's table with two small German Wall Mottos mounted on the wall.<br>Photo: Mennonite Heritage Archives (671-04)'']]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche8.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''A sample Wall Motto colour printed on paperboard. Size: 16.4 x 10.0 cm.'' ]]<br />
Wall Mottos, sometimes called wall sayings and known in German as: ''Wandsprüche'', are short texts usually of Bible verses, and sometimes of proverbs or wise saying that were set into a picture type frame and mounted on a wall in a Mennonite home. Some are embroidered but most are made of paperboard, or wood or glass or metal and sometimes with decorative ornaments or set in a picture frame. Many were commercially produced but some were individually and artistically created and those can be considered a form of Folk Art as described by Ervin Beck. In most conservative Amish and Mennonite homes they were the only form of wall decoration because the mounting photographs or pictures were thought of as a vanity and a violation of Exodus 20:4. <br />
<br />
In the Reformation movements Anabaptist and Calvinist were iconoclastic and worked to remove all pictures, icons and monuments from their places of worship. Thus, their Church buildings and as a consequence also their homes were simple and unadorned. Mennonites all through their history were literate people and preferred to contemplate on Bible texts rather than pictures. Mennonite homes in Russia were also known to mount some forms of these Wall Mottos. The more elaborate glass form of these Wall Mottos in Mennonite homes in the early 20th century Russia are seen in photographs on page 25 of the book ''Als Ihre Zeit Erfüllt War'', by Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel.<br />
<br />
From the middle of the nineteenth to the twentieth century Wall Mottos also became popular to the general public in Europe and America and were produced in different languages and formats. In the United States and Ontario where Mennonites in those years favoured the English language, they placed on their walls English language forms of Wall Sayings. For example, many forms of these are seen listed for sale on 10 pages of the 1923-24 ''Catalog of the Mennonite Publishing House'' (Scottdale, Penna.). In Amish or conservative Mennonite homes where the German language was spoken, as for example in the homes of Old Colony Mennonites on the Canadian prairies, these Walls Sayings in German were often found. The 1934 catalogue of the ''Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeselschäft'' (Winnipeg, Manitoba) list three pages of a variety of these Wandsprüche. The price of the Wall Mottos in these catalogues ranged from 10-50¢ each. Printers first produced them in large quantities on paperboard and then in the 20th century many small businesses began manufacturing then in modest decorative forms on wood, metal or glass. Beginning in about the 1920s some Mennonite churches began adding a popular Bible verse to the front wall of their sanctuary. Those congregations using the German language had these words always in lettered in Fraktur type German and English language congregations used Roman lettering. <br />
<br />
From the 1920s to 1950s in private Mennonite schools, in youth groups and occasionally an inspired individual would gather materials and work individually or in groups to craft their own Wall Mottos. Ervin Beck describes the creations by several highly skilled Amish craftworkers. The Commercially made ones or these individually crafted Wall Mottos were given as gifts at baptisms, anniversaries or at weddings. In the last part of the twentieth century and as Mennonite Churches and their members integrated more into their national societies and also transitioned from the German language to English the use of Wall Mottos fell into disfavour though as an art form they were still revered. <br />
<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Beck, Ervin. "Mennonite and Amish Painting on Glass." ''Mennonite Quarterly Review''. Vol. 63, no. 1, April 1989. pp. 115-149.<br />
<br />
Brednich, Rolf, ''Mennonite Folklife And Folklore : A Preliminary Report''. Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies. Ottawa, Ontario. 1977. 116 pages <br />
<br />
''Deutsche Bücher Wegweisser für Bücherfreund'': Winnipeg, Manitoba. Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeschäft. [1934], 128 pages. <br />
<br />
MAID: Reference code: CA MHC 671-4.0: Title: Congolese visit to Manitoba eating. Date(s): 1971. (Creation). <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Als ihre Zeit erfüllt war : 150 Jahre Bewährung in Russland.'' Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Modern Press, 1964, 211 pages. See page 25. <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Mennonites in Canada: A Pictorial Review.'' Altona, Manitoba. D. W. Friesen & Sons Ltd. 1961. See pictorial examples on pages 64, 97, and 190.<br />
<br />
<br />
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[[File:671-004.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''This photograph shows Congolese visitors sitting at a Mennonite farmer's table with two small German Wall Mottos mounted on the wall.<br>Photo: Mennonite Heritage Archives (671-04)'']]<br />
[[File:Wandsprüche8.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''A Wall Mottos that was colour printed on paperboard. Size: 16.4 x 10.0 cm.'' ]]<br />
Wall Mottos, sometimes called wall sayings and known in German as: ''Wandsprüche'', are short texts usually of Bible verses, and sometimes of proverbs or wise saying that were set into a picture type frame and mounted on a wall in a Mennonite home. Some are embroidered but most are made of paperboard, or wood or glass or metal and sometimes with decorative ornaments or set in a picture frame. Many were commercially produced but some were individually and artistically created and those can be considered a form of Folk Art as described by Ervin Beck. In most conservative Amish and Mennonite homes they were the only form of wall decoration because the mounting photographs or pictures were thought of as a vanity and a violation of Exodus 20:4. <br />
<br />
In the Reformation movements Anabaptist and Calvinist were iconoclastic and worked to remove all pictures, icons and monuments from their places of worship. Thus, their Church buildings and as a consequence also their homes were simple and unadorned. Mennonites all through their history were literate people and preferred to contemplate on Bible texts rather than pictures. Mennonite homes in Russia were also known to mount some forms of these Wall Mottos. The more elaborate glass form of these Wall Mottos in Mennonite homes in the early 20th century Russia are seen in photographs on page 25 of the book ''Als Ihre Zeit Erfüllt War'', by Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel.<br />
<br />
From the middle of the nineteenth to the twentieth century Wall Mottos also became popular to the general public in Europe and America and were produced in different languages and formats. In the United States and Ontario where Mennonites in those years favoured the English language, they placed on their walls English language forms of Wall Sayings. For example, many forms of these are seen listed for sale on 10 pages of the 1923-24 ''Catalog of the Mennonite Publishing House'' (Scottdale, Penna.). In Amish or conservative Mennonite homes where the German language was spoken, as for example in the homes of Old Colony Mennonites on the Canadian prairies, these Walls Sayings in German were often found. The 1934 catalogue of the ''Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeselschäft'' (Winnipeg, Manitoba) list three pages of a variety of these Wandsprüche. The price of the Wall Mottos in these catalogues ranged from 10-50¢ each. Printers first produced them in large quantities on paperboard and then in the 20th century many small businesses began manufacturing then in modest decorative forms on wood, metal or glass. Beginning in about the 1920s some Mennonite churches began adding a popular Bible verse to the front wall of their sanctuary. Those congregations using the German language had these words always in lettered in Fraktur type German and English language congregations used Roman lettering. <br />
<br />
From the 1920s to 1950s in private Mennonite schools, in youth groups and occasionally an inspired individual would gather materials and work individually or in groups to craft their own Wall Mottos. Ervin Beck describes the creations by several highly skilled Amish craftworkers. The Commercially made ones or these individually crafted Wall Mottos were given as gifts at baptisms, anniversaries or at weddings. In the last part of the twentieth century and as Mennonite Churches and their members integrated more into their national societies and also transitioned from the German language to English the use of Wall Mottos fell into disfavour though as an art form they were still revered. <br />
<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Beck, Ervin. "Mennonite and Amish Painting on Glass." ''Mennonite Quarterly Review''. Vol. 63, no. 1, April 1989. pp. 115-149.<br />
<br />
Brednich, Rolf, ''Mennonite Folklife And Folklore : A Preliminary Report''. Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies. Ottawa, Ontario. 1977. 116 pages <br />
<br />
''Deutsche Bücher Wegweisser für Bücherfreund'': Winnipeg, Manitoba. Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeschäft. [1934], 128 pages. <br />
<br />
MAID: Reference code: CA MHC 671-4.0: Title: Congolese visit to Manitoba eating. Date(s): 1971. (Creation). <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Als ihre Zeit erfüllt war : 150 Jahre Bewährung in Russland.'' Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Modern Press, 1964, 211 pages. See page 25. <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Mennonites in Canada: A Pictorial Review.'' Altona, Manitoba. D. W. Friesen & Sons Ltd. 1961. See pictorial examples on pages 64, 97, and 190.<br />
<br />
<br />
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<div>Wall motto8</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Wall_Mottos_(Wandspr%C3%BCche)&diff=178327Wall Mottos (Wandsprüche)2024-02-23T02:23:51Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
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__FORCETOC__<br />
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[[File:671-004.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''This photograph shows Congolese visitors sitting at a Mennonite farmer's table with two small German Wall Mottos mounted on the wall.<br>Photo: Mennonite Heritage Archives (671-04)'']]<br />
Wall Mottos, sometimes called wall sayings and known in German as: ''Wandsprüche'', are short texts usually of Bible verses, and sometimes of proverbs or wise saying that were set into a picture type frame and mounted on a wall in a Mennonite home. Some are embroidered but most are made of paperboard, or wood or glass or metal and sometimes with decorative ornaments or set in a picture frame. Many were commercially produced but some were individually and artistically created and those can be considered a form of Folk Art as described by Ervin Beck. In most conservative Amish and Mennonite homes they were the only form of wall decoration because the mounting photographs or pictures were thought of as a vanity and a violation of Exodus 20:4. <br />
<br />
In the Reformation movements Anabaptist and Calvinist were iconoclastic and worked to remove all pictures, icons and monuments from their places of worship. Thus, their Church buildings and as a consequence also their homes were simple and unadorned. Mennonites all through their history were literate people and preferred to contemplate on Bible texts rather than pictures. Mennonite homes in Russia were also known to mount some forms of these Wall Mottos. The more elaborate glass form of these Wall Mottos in Mennonite homes in the early 20th century Russia are seen in photographs on page 25 of the book ''Als Ihre Zeit Erfüllt War'', by Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel.<br />
<br />
From the middle of the nineteenth to the twentieth century Wall Mottos also became popular to the general public in Europe and America and were produced in different languages and formats. In the United States and Ontario where Mennonites in those years favoured the English language, they placed on their walls English language forms of Wall Sayings. For example, many forms of these are seen listed for sale on 10 pages of the 1923-24 ''Catalog of the Mennonite Publishing House'' (Scottdale, Penna.). In Amish or conservative Mennonite homes where the German language was spoken, as for example in the homes of Old Colony Mennonites on the Canadian prairies, these Walls Sayings in German were often found. The 1934 catalogue of the ''Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeselschäft'' (Winnipeg, Manitoba) list three pages of a variety of these Wandsprüche. The price of the Wall Mottos in these catalogues ranged from 10-50¢ each. Printers first produced them in large quantities on paperboard and then in the 20th century many small businesses began manufacturing then in modest decorative forms on wood, metal or glass. Beginning in about the 1920s some Mennonite churches began adding a popular Bible verse to the front wall of their sanctuary. Those congregations using the German language had these words always in lettered in Fraktur type German and English language congregations used Roman lettering. <br />
<br />
From the 1920s to 1950s in private Mennonite schools, in youth groups and occasionally an inspired individual would gather materials and work individually or in groups to craft their own Wall Mottos. Ervin Beck describes the creations by several highly skilled Amish craftworkers. The Commercially made ones or these individually crafted Wall Mottos were given as gifts at baptisms, anniversaries or at weddings. In the last part of the twentieth century and as Mennonite Churches and their members integrated more into their national societies and also transitioned from the German language to English the use of Wall Mottos fell into disfavour though as an art form they were still revered. <br />
<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Beck, Ervin. "Mennonite and Amish Painting on Glass." ''Mennonite Quarterly Review''. Vol. 63, no. 1, April 1989. pp. 115-149.<br />
<br />
Brednich, Rolf, ''Mennonite Folklife And Folklore : A Preliminary Report''. Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies. Ottawa, Ontario. 1977. 116 pages <br />
<br />
''Deutsche Bücher Wegweisser für Bücherfreund'': Winnipeg, Manitoba. Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeschäft. [1934], 128 pages. <br />
<br />
MAID: Reference code: CA MHC 671-4.0: Title: Congolese visit to Manitoba eating. Date(s): 1971. (Creation). <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Als ihre Zeit erfüllt war : 150 Jahre Bewährung in Russland.'' Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Modern Press, 1964, 211 pages. See page 25. <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Mennonites in Canada: A Pictorial Review.'' Altona, Manitoba. D. W. Friesen & Sons Ltd. 1961. See pictorial examples on pages 64, 97, and 190.<br />
<br />
<br />
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<div>Two small German wall mottos</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Wall_Mottos_(Wandspr%C3%BCche)&diff=178325Wall Mottos (Wandsprüche)2024-02-23T02:15:08Z<p>AlfRedekopp: Created page with "<!-- Force the table of contents to appear first --> __FORCETOC__ __TOC__ Wall Mottos, sometimes called wall sayings and known in German as: ''Wandsprüche'', are short texts..."</p>
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<div><!-- Force the table of contents to appear first --><br />
__FORCETOC__<br />
__TOC__<br />
<br />
Wall Mottos, sometimes called wall sayings and known in German as: ''Wandsprüche'', are short texts usually of Bible verses, and sometimes of proverbs or wise saying that were set into a picture type frame and mounted on a wall in a Mennonite home. Some are embroidered but most are made of paperboard, or wood or glass or metal and sometimes with decorative ornaments or set in a picture frame. Many were commercially produced but some were individually and artistically created and those can be considered a form of Folk Art as described by Ervin Beck. In most conservative Amish and Mennonite homes they were the only form of wall decoration because the mounting photographs or pictures were thought of as a vanity and a violation of Exodus 20:4. <br />
<br />
In the Reformation movements Anabaptist and Calvinist were iconoclastic and worked to remove all pictures, icons and monuments from their places of worship. Thus, their Church buildings and as a consequence also their homes were simple and unadorned. Mennonites all through their history were literate people and preferred to contemplate on Bible texts rather than pictures. Mennonite homes in Russia were also known to mount some forms of these Wall Mottos. The more elaborate glass form of these Wall Mottos in Mennonite homes in the early 20th century Russia are seen in photographs on page 25 of the book ''Als Ihre Zeit Erfüllt War'', by Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel.<br />
<br />
From the middle of the nineteenth to the twentieth century Wall Mottos also became popular to the general public in Europe and America and were produced in different languages and formats. In the United States and Ontario where Mennonites in those years favoured the English language, they placed on their walls English language forms of Wall Sayings. For example, many forms of these are seen listed for sale on 10 pages of the 1923-24 ''Catalog of the Mennonite Publishing House'' (Scottdale, Penna.). In Amish or conservative Mennonite homes where the German language was spoken, as for example in the homes of Old Colony Mennonites on the Canadian prairies, these Walls Sayings in German were often found. The 1934 catalogue of the ''Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeselschäft'' (Winnipeg, Manitoba) list three pages of a variety of these Wandsprüche. The price of the Wall Mottos in these catalogues ranged from 10-50¢ each. Printers first produced them in large quantities on paperboard and then in the 20th century many small businesses began manufacturing then in modest decorative forms on wood, metal or glass. Beginning in about the 1920s some Mennonite churches began adding a popular Bible verse to the front wall of their sanctuary. Those congregations using the German language had these words always in lettered in Fraktur type German and English language congregations used Roman lettering. <br />
<br />
From the 1920s to 1950s in private Mennonite schools, in youth groups and occasionally an inspired individual would gather materials and work individually or in groups to craft their own Wall Mottos. Ervin Beck describes the creations by several highly skilled Amish craftworkers. The Commercially made ones or these individually crafted Wall Mottos were given as gifts at baptisms, anniversaries or at weddings. In the last part of the twentieth century and as Mennonite Churches and their members integrated more into their national societies and also transitioned from the German language to English the use of Wall Mottos fell into disfavour though as an art form they were still revered. <br />
<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Beck, Ervin. "Mennonite and Amish Painting on Glass." ''Mennonite Quarterly Review''. Vol. 63, no. 1, April 1989. pp. 115-149.<br />
<br />
Brednich, Rolf, ''Mennonite Folklife And Folklore : A Preliminary Report''. Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies. Ottawa, Ontario. 1977. 116 pages <br />
<br />
''Deutsche Bücher Wegweisser für Bücherfreund'': Winnipeg, Manitoba. Deutsches Buch- und Musikgeschäft. [1934], 128 pages. <br />
<br />
MAID: Reference code: CA MHC 671-4.0: Title: Congolese visit to Manitoba eating. Date(s): 1971. (Creation). <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Als ihre Zeit erfüllt war : 150 Jahre Bewährung in Russland.'' Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Modern Press, 1964, 211 pages. See page 25. <br />
<br />
Quiring, Walter and Helen Bartel. ''Mennonites in Canada: A Pictorial Review.'' Altona, Manitoba. D. W. Friesen & Sons Ltd. 1961. See pictorial examples on pages 64, 97, and 190.<br />
<br />
<br />
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<div>[[File:Christliches Jahrbuch zur Belehrung,1902.jpg|200px|thumb|right|''Title page of the periodical Christliches Jahrbuch zur Belehrung und Unterhaltung, 1902.<br>Photo: Courtesy of Victor Wiebe.'']]<br />
<em>Christliches Jahrbuch zur Belehrung und Unterhaltung</em>, published 1902-1905 (the last year under the changed title, <em>Fürs Christliche Haus. Belehrendes und Unterhaltendes für Jung und Alt), </em>edited and published by [[Kroeker, Jakob (1872-1948)|Jakob Kroeker]] and [[Kroeker, Abraham Jakob (1863-1944)|Abraham J. Kroeker]] of [[Spat (Crimea, Ukraine)|Spat]], [[Crimea (Ukraine)|Crimea]], printed (except for the last year) in Cassel, [[Germany|Germany]], was a small annual handbook of 145-168 pages, containing general religious and literary articles, with a small amount of Mennonite historical material. It was not a yearbook in the common meaning of the term as a directory and statistical handbook.<br />
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 1, p. 586|date=1953|a1_last=Bender|a1_first=Harold S|a2_last= |a2_first= }}<br />
[[Category:Periodicals]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=File:Christliches_Jahrbuch_zur_Belehrung,1902.jpg&diff=178323File:Christliches Jahrbuch zur Belehrung,1902.jpg2024-02-22T19:00:17Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
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<div>Christliches Jahrbuch zur Belehrung...title page</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Mennonitisches_Jahrbuch_(Russia)&diff=178322Mennonitisches Jahrbuch (Russia)2024-02-22T18:56:37Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
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<div>[[File:Mennonitisches Jahrbuch, 1905.jpg|200px|thumb|right|''Front cover of the first issue of the Mennonitisches Jahrbuch<br>Photo: Courtesy of Victor Wiebe.'']]<br />
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The<em> Mennonitisches Jahrbuch</em> was a Russian Mennonite annual reviewing current Mennonite activities in the area of missions, charitable institutions, schools, and general church life. It was edited 1904-1911 by [[Dirks, Heinrich (1842-1915)|Heinrich Dirks]], elder of the Gnadenfeld Mennonite Church ([[Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Molotschna settlement]]) and former missionary, then in 1913-1914 by [[Epp, Dietrich H. (1875-1955)|D. H. Epp]], under the authority of the [[Allgemeine Bundeskonferenz der Mennonitengemeinden in Russland|Allgemeine Bundeskonferenz]] (Conference of Mennonites in Russia). Epp greatly enlarged and enriched it with numerous historical articles on Mennonite congregations, institutions, etc., in [[Russia|Russia]] together with the annual minutes of the conference sessions. The 1914 (10th) issue (for the year 1913) had 226 pages. This was the nearest approach to a scholarly or historical journal published by the Mennonites in Russia. The prohibition of German publications brought its career to an end.<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. ''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. III, 111 f.<br />
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 3, pp. 650-651|date=1957|a1_last=Bender|a1_first=Harold S|a2_last= |a2_first= }}<br />
[[Category:Periodicals]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Mennonitisches_Jahrbuch_(Russia)&diff=178321Mennonitisches Jahrbuch (Russia)2024-02-22T18:55:58Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
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<div>[[File:Mennonitisches Jahrbuch, 1905.jpg|200px|thumb|right|''Front cover of the first issue of the Mennonitisches Jahrbuch<>Photo: Courtesy of Victor Wiebe.'']]<br />
<br />
The<em> Mennonitisches Jahrbuch</em> was a Russian Mennonite annual reviewing current Mennonite activities in the area of missions, charitable institutions, schools, and general church life. It was edited 1904-1911 by [[Dirks, Heinrich (1842-1915)|Heinrich Dirks]], elder of the Gnadenfeld Mennonite Church ([[Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Molotschna settlement]]) and former missionary, then in 1913-1914 by [[Epp, Dietrich H. (1875-1955)|D. H. Epp]], under the authority of the [[Allgemeine Bundeskonferenz der Mennonitengemeinden in Russland|Allgemeine Bundeskonferenz]] (Conference of Mennonites in Russia). Epp greatly enlarged and enriched it with numerous historical articles on Mennonite congregations, institutions, etc., in [[Russia|Russia]] together with the annual minutes of the conference sessions. The 1914 (10th) issue (for the year 1913) had 226 pages. This was the nearest approach to a scholarly or historical journal published by the Mennonites in Russia. The prohibition of German publications brought its career to an end.<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. ''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. III, 111 f.<br />
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 3, pp. 650-651|date=1957|a1_last=Bender|a1_first=Harold S|a2_last= |a2_first= }}<br />
[[Category:Periodicals]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Mennonitisches_Jahrbuch_(Russia)&diff=178320Mennonitisches Jahrbuch (Russia)2024-02-22T18:55:32Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
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<div>[[File:Mennonitisches Jahrbuch, 1905.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Front cover of the first issue of the Mennonitisches Jahrbuch<>Photo: Courtesy of Victor Wiebe.'']]<br />
<br />
The<em> Mennonitisches Jahrbuch</em> was a Russian Mennonite annual reviewing current Mennonite activities in the area of missions, charitable institutions, schools, and general church life. It was edited 1904-1911 by [[Dirks, Heinrich (1842-1915)|Heinrich Dirks]], elder of the Gnadenfeld Mennonite Church ([[Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Molotschna settlement]]) and former missionary, then in 1913-1914 by [[Epp, Dietrich H. (1875-1955)|D. H. Epp]], under the authority of the [[Allgemeine Bundeskonferenz der Mennonitengemeinden in Russland|Allgemeine Bundeskonferenz]] (Conference of Mennonites in Russia). Epp greatly enlarged and enriched it with numerous historical articles on Mennonite congregations, institutions, etc., in [[Russia|Russia]] together with the annual minutes of the conference sessions. The 1914 (10th) issue (for the year 1913) had 226 pages. This was the nearest approach to a scholarly or historical journal published by the Mennonites in Russia. The prohibition of German publications brought its career to an end.<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. ''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. III, 111 f.<br />
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 3, pp. 650-651|date=1957|a1_last=Bender|a1_first=Harold S|a2_last= |a2_first= }}<br />
[[Category:Periodicals]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=File:Mennonitisches_Jahrbuch,_1905.jpg&diff=178319File:Mennonitisches Jahrbuch, 1905.jpg2024-02-22T18:54:00Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
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<div>Cover of Menn Jahrbuch 1903/04</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=J._Janzen_%26_K._Neufeld_(F%C3%BCrstenland_Mennonite_Settlement,_Zaporizhia_Oblast,_Ukraine)&diff=178314J. Janzen & K. Neufeld (Fürstenland Mennonite Settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)2024-02-18T17:04:09Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
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<div>J. Janzen &amp; K. Neufeld was a manufacturer of [[Farm Machinery|farm machinery]] in in the [[Fürstenland Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Fürstenland Mennonite Settlement]], South [[Russia|Russia]]. The factory was based in Sergeyevka, [[Taurida Guberniya (Ukraine)|Taurida]], where Jakob Wilhelm Janzen (1845-1917) already owned one of two machinery factories operating there in 1908. His factory had an annual output of 9,400 rubles. The two factories were combined into one under the leadership of Jakob Janzen’s son-in-law, Kornelius A. Neufeld (1869-1917). Both Jakob Janzen and Kornelius Neufeld died in 1917 at the time of the [[Russian Revolution and Civil War|Russian Revolution]], but their factory continued on for some time after their deaths.<br />
<br />
In the years before the Russian Revolution, manufacturers in the Mennonite settlements produced a variety of machinery, including reapers, mowers, and threshers, as well as operating flour mills. Businesses of this kind increased to meet a new demand for machinery and agricultural implements after a large expansion of available farmland in the 1860s. New [[Railroads|rail]] links between the towns of southern Russia, as well as the development of steam-powered river boats, also increased the market for many companies, including J. Janzen & K. Neufeld.<br />
<br />
In 1911, the Janzen &amp; K. Neufeld company was the eighth largest factory of its kind in Russia, with 110 workers and an annual production of 200,000 rubles. In 1912 it had 165 employees.<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Dyck, Cornelius J. <em>An Introduction to Mennonite History: A Popular History of the Anabaptists and the Mennonites</em>, 3rd ed. Scottdale, PA, Waterloo, ON: Herald Press, 1993: 182.<br />
<br />
Mennonitische Geschichte und Ahnenforschung Chortitza. "Fabrik J. Janzen &amp; K. Neufeld (Sergejewka, Fuerstenland)." 2006. Web. 29 May 2012. [http://chortiza.heimat.eu/UntU.htm http://chortiza.heimat.eu/UntU.htm].<br />
<br />
Rempel, David G. "The Mennonite Colonies in New Russia: A Study of their Settlement and Economic Development from 1789 to 1914." Ph. D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1933: 275-289.<br />
<br />
Urry, James. "Growing up with Cities: The Mennonite Experience in Imperial Russia and the Early Soviet Union." Web. 25 June 2012 [http://jms.uwinnipeg.ca/index.php/jms/article/viewFile/1089/1088 http://jms.uwinnipeg.ca/index.php/jms/article/viewFile/1089/1088].<br />
<br />
Urry, James. "Through the Eye of a Needle: Wealth and the Mennonite Experience in Imperial Russia." <em>Journal of Mennonite Studies</em> (1985). Web. 25 June 2012. [http://jms.uwinnipeg.ca/index.php/jms/article/viewFile/42/42 http://jms.uwinnipeg.ca/index.php/jms/article/viewFile/42/42].<br />
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=February 2024|a1_last=Huebert|a1_first=Susan|a2_last=|a2_first=}}</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=J._Janzen_%26_K._Neufeld_(F%C3%BCrstenland_Mennonite_Settlement,_Zaporizhia_Oblast,_Ukraine)&diff=178313J. Janzen & K. Neufeld (Fürstenland Mennonite Settlement, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)2024-02-18T17:03:26Z<p>AlfRedekopp: Correction on data in last paragraph, thanks to Arnold Neufeldt-Fast.</p>
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<div>J. Janzen &amp; K. Neufeld was a manufacturer of [[Farm Machinery|farm machinery]] in in the [[Fürstenland Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Fürstenland Mennonite Settlement]], South [[Russia|Russia]]. The factory was based in Sergeyevka, [[Taurida Guberniya (Ukraine)|Taurida]], where Jakob Wilhelm Janzen (1845-1917) already owned one of two machinery factories operating there in 1908. His factory had an annual output of 9,400 rubles. The two factories were combined into one under the leadership of Jakob Janzen’s son-in-law, Kornelius A. Neufeld (1869-1917). Both Jakob Janzen and Kornelius Neufeld died in 1917 at the time of the [[Russian Revolution and Civil War|Russian Revolution]], but their factory continued on for some time after their deaths.<br />
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In the years before the Russian Revolution, manufacturers in the Mennonite settlements produced a variety of machinery, including reapers, mowers, and threshers, as well as operating flour mills. Businesses of this kind increased to meet a new demand for machinery and agricultural implements after a large expansion of available farmland in the 1860s. New [[Railroads|rail]] links between the towns of southern Russia, as well as the development of steam-powered river boats, also increased the market for many companies, including J. Janzen & K. Neufeld.<br />
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In 1911, the Janzen &amp; K. Neufeld company was the eighth largest factory of its kind in Russia, with 110 workers and an annual production of 200,000 rubles. In 1912 it had 165 employees.<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Dyck, Cornelius J. <em>An Introduction to Mennonite History: A Popular History of the Anabaptists and the Mennonites</em>, 3rd ed. Scottdale, PA, Waterloo, ON: Herald Press, 1993: 182.<br />
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Mennonitische Geschichte und Ahnenforschung Chortitza. "Fabrik J. Janzen &amp; K. Neufeld (Sergejewka, Fuerstenland)." 2006. Web. 29 May 2012. [http://chortiza.heimat.eu/UntU.htm http://chortiza.heimat.eu/UntU.htm].<br />
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Rempel, David G. "The Mennonite Colonies in New Russia: A Study of their Settlement and Economic Development from 1789 to 1914." Ph. D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1933: 275-289.<br />
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Urry, James. "Growing up with Cities: The Mennonite Experience in Imperial Russia and the Early Soviet Union." Web. 25 June 2012 [http://jms.uwinnipeg.ca/index.php/jms/article/viewFile/1089/1088 http://jms.uwinnipeg.ca/index.php/jms/article/viewFile/1089/1088].<br />
<br />
Urry, James. "Through the Eye of a Needle: Wealth and the Mennonite Experience in Imperial Russia." <em>Journal of Mennonite Studies</em> (1985). Web. 25 June 2012. [http://jms.uwinnipeg.ca/index.php/jms/article/viewFile/42/42 http://jms.uwinnipeg.ca/index.php/jms/article/viewFile/42/42].<br />
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=June 2012|a1_last=Huebert|a1_first=Susan|a2_last=|a2_first=}}</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Hamburg-Altona_Mennonite_Church_(Freie_und_Hansestadt_Hamburg,_Germany)&diff=178248Hamburg-Altona Mennonite Church (Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, Germany)2024-02-05T20:50:29Z<p>AlfRedekopp: corrected a typo</p>
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<div>[[File:Hamburg.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deutschland_Lage_von_Hamburg.svg Wikipedia Commons]'']]<br />
[[File:Mennonitenkirche_zu_Hamburg_und_Altona.JPG|250px|thumb|right|''Mennonitenkirche zu Hamburg und Altona.<br /><br />
Source: [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mennonitenkirche_zu_Hamburg_und_Altona.JPG Wikipedia Commons]'']] <br />
The Hamburg-Altona Mennonite Church (Mennonitengemeinde zu Hamburg und Altona), begun in 1601, whose meetinghouse has always been in Altona, was called "Altona" until toward the middle of the 19th century, when it was called "Gemeinde zu Hamburg und Altona." The first printed use of this second name was in [[Mannhardt, Wilhelm (1831-1880)|J. Mannhardt]]'s <em>Namens-Verzeichnis</em> of 1857. This is also the name used in [[Roosen, Berend Carl (1820-1904) |B. C. Roosen]]'s <em>Geschichte</em> (1886-87). The modern name Hamburg-Altona appears for the first time in the <em>[[Christlicher Gemeinde-Kalender (Periodical)|Christlicher Gemeinde-Kalender]]</em> for 1899. The old Dutch seal of the congregation carries the name <em>Mennoniten-Gemeente tot Hamburg en Altona</em>. The Dutch <em>[[Naamlijst der tegenwoordig in dienst zijnde predikanten der Mennoniten in de Vereenigde Nederlanden|Naamlijst]]</em> of 1731-1829 used only "Altona by Hamburg" or "Altona" alone. The first meetinghouse, destroyed by bombing in [[World War (1939-1945) - Germany|World War II]] in 1944, erected in 1674 and rebuilt in 1717 after the burning of the city by the Swedes in 1713, stood in the street called "Grosse Freiheit" in Altona, with an attached cemetery. The new meetinghouse (built 1915) with parsonage, is located at Mennonitenstr. 20 (Langenfelderstr. 100/102) in Altona, the cemetery at Holstenkamp 80/82 also in Altona. The baptized membership in 1953, greatly increased over that of 1941 (300, plus 38 children) because of the [[Danzig Refugees|postwar refugees ]]from the [[Danzig (Poland)|Danzig]] area, was 681, plus 236 unbaptized, total 917. The membership of the congregation at the time was scattered throughout both cities and the suburbs and more distant towns, and since the refugees had joined, still more widely scattered in a radius of 50-75 miles. In the 1950s more distant refugees were attached to the neighboring and newly organized congregations of [[Bremen (Freie Hansestadt Bremen, Germany)|Bremen]], [[Friedrichstadt (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany)|Friedrichstadt]], [[Kiel (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany)|Kiel]], [[Lübeck (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany)|Lübeck]], and [[Uelzen (Niedersachsen, Germany)|Uelzen]].<br />
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Hamburg and Altona, though actually one large community, were two distinct political entities for many years, with Altona much the smaller of the two. Hamburg, founded by Charlemagne in 811, became an independent Hanseatic City in the late 13th century, and has remained ever since a leading economic and cultural center of [[Germany|Germany]]. In 1600 it had a population of 40,000, in 1939, 1,143,000 in the city proper, but in the total area of the former free state, 1,682,200, of which over 80 per cent were [[Luther, Martin (1483-1546)|Lutherans]]. The population in 2007 was 1,769,117.<br />
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Until 1864 Altona was a part of Denmark in the duchy of [[Schleswig-Holstein (Germany)|Schleswig-Holstein]]. After a war with Prussia, Denmark ceded Schleswig-Holstein to Prussia, and Altona became a part of Prussia. In 1937 Altona and several other surrounding cities were merged with the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. In the 1950s Altona was a city of 185,653 immediately adjacent to Hamburg (2006 population, 243,972).<br />
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Through the admission of Reformed, Mennonites, and others, under the rule of the Counts of Schauenburg the population of Altona increased to such an extent that the village became a market-town in 1604. After the Schauenburg line became extinct, the rule passed to the Danish crown in 1640, which held Schleswig-Holstein until 1863, when it passed to [[Prussia|Prussia]] (1866). In 1664 Altona received the rights of a city and was made the first free harbor of Europe, to enable it to compete with the much larger Hamburg.<br />
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The admission of Mennonites into Altona occurred under Count Ernst in 1601. The document is no longer in existence, but the terms are known. Every Mennonite householder had to pay an annual fee of one Taler as protection money; in return the Mennonites were permitted to establish themselves in the district called "Grosse Freiheit," to carry on trades, and to bury their dead; but the services had to be conducted quietly. The successors of the Count permitted them to hold their services openly. The name "Freiheit" is derived not from freedom of religion, but from freedom of occupation, which the inhabitants enjoyed. After the transfer to Danish authority the charter had to be renewed with every change of the throne. These originals are still in the archives of the church.<br />
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The Mennonites developed home industry and trade to a high level. To the first Mennonites settled in Altona were added the remnants of the Mennonite Church at [[Fresenburg (Oldesloe, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany)|Fresenburg]] which was destroyed in the [[Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)|Thirty Years' War]]. From [[Glückstadt (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany)|Glückstadt]], where there was a church until 1800, the well-known [[Smissen, van der, family|van der Smissen family]] came to Altona in 1683. Home industry, that is, weaving, was engaged in especially by the [[Voss, de, family|de Voss family]], shipping and commerce by the [[Goverts (Govertsen, Gowert, Govert) family|Goverts]], [[Roosen family|Roosen,]] van der Smissen, and [[Vlieger, de, family|de Vlieger]] families. After the great fire of 1713, when the Swedish General Magnus Steenbock reduced the city to ashes, many trading-houses transferred to Hamburg, where some Dutch Mennonites had settled before 1600. At least it is known of Hans Quins (Wins?), an ancestor of the well-known preacher [[Roosen, Gerrit (1612-1711)|Gerhard Roosen]], that he had fled about 1570 from [[Brabant (Belgium/Netherlands)|Brabant]] or [[Flanders (Belgium)|Flanders]] to Hamburg and died there of the plague in 1597.<br />
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It was as a consequence of the events of [[Münster Anabaptists|Münster]] that the strictly Lutheran city of Hamburg together with the "Wend cities" issued repeated edicts against the [[Anabaptism|Anabaptists]]. In 1555 the authorities of Hamburg, Lüneburg, [[Rostock (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany)|Rostock]], and [[Wismar (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany)|Wismar]] passed measures designed to keep [[Menno Simons (1496-1561)|Menno Simons]] from entering their territories (Mannhardt <em>Jahrbuch</em> 1883: 84). The settlement of a few families in the city by 1575 was possible only because they energetically assured the clergy that they had no connections with the Münsterite Anabaptists. Their ability as merchants also made them desirable citizens. In 1605 a formal agreement was drawn up with the 130 Dutch immigrant families (including such names as de Voss, Siemons, Stockman, Lammers, Amoury, de Buyser, Harmens, and Janssen). In return for the obligation to keep themselves quiet and to pay taxes and fees, they were to be admitted without giving an oath of citizenship. This contract was renewed for the last time in 1635, for the Lutheran clergy vigorously opposed it.<br />
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Hamburg would have had no Anabaptist movement if it had not come in from the outside. The regions most desired by the refugees from the severe persecution then raging against all non-Catholics in the [[Netherlands|Netherlands]], were the Rhine region, where the Anabaptist movement had grown strong, especially in the duchy of Jülich and later the Holstein area. It is thus easy to understand that there were several Anabaptist groups of whom the [[Flemish Mennonites|Flemish]] were the strongest and most influential. The Noë, Quins, Goverts, and van der Smissen families were among them. From 1639 the Flemish Mennonites of Giückstadt were combined with them. The congregation of the united Mennonite groups later adopted the <em>Olyftacxken</em> as their confession of faith. The strict [[Frisian Mennonites|Frisians]] required Flemish Mennonites who united wth them to be rebaptized. By 1671 the Frisian congregation died out, chiefly through transfers of membership to the Flemish. Their meetinghouse stood in the Roosenstrasse in Altona.<br />
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Also the [[Huiskoopers|Huiskoper]] group (see [[Bintgens, Thomas (16th century)|Bintgens)]] was thus disbanded; their preacher was [[Buyser, Jan de (17th century)|Jan de Buyser]]. The High Germans were the smallest group; Johann Peltz(er) (d. 1600) is named as their "priest." From about 1682 there was only the one united congregation in Hamburg-Altona. The Mennonites of Altona are always to be included, for they never had a congregation of their own. It was not to be expected that the Mennonites could settle and develop a congregation without a struggle; indeed the struggle with secular and religious authorities lasted a long time. In 1672 [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1640-1705)|Emperor Leopold]] threatened the city with a lawsuit on the ground that 300-400 Mennonites were living there, contrary to the treaty of 1648. In this case, to be sure, the senate defended the Mennonites, stating that they were peaceful and also competent citizens, who had nothing to do with the Anabaptists of Münster but instead prayed for the government in their church prayers.<br />
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Several decades of peace followed, but in 1706 the Mennonites again became the objects of ecclesiastical and secular sessions. The occasion of the controversy was the greatly gifted preacher [[Denner, Jakob (1659-1746)|Jakob Denner]], whose sermons were attended by many non-Mennonites; simple people as well as educated. Several senate decrees, issued upon the insistence of the clergy, did not succeed in preventing this. Hence the Lutheran church authorities decided to discipline its "obstinate children" on the following grounds: "running out" (to Altona) is contrary to God's command; beware of false prophets; it is contrary to city law, which forbids attendance even at Lutheran services outside the city, to say nothing of fanatical services; it leads to contempt for the office of preaching and to their own injury and false guidance. This threat of exclusion from the confessional and communion was apparently not very effective. Another circumstance that contributed to this state of affairs in 1711-12 was the warlike condition that made it impossible to attend the Mennonite church. The religious authorities suggested that the Mennonites could now attend the Protestant Church "unless they imagined themselves holier than others." The Mennonites then reminded the senate that in former disturbed times they had held their quiet worship services, if not by law, at least by tacit consent, and asked for liberty of conscience to hold their meetings in some secluded attic without singing. This was apparently done, in spite of the declaration of the church authorities that connivance in this case was contrary to conscience, and the worship contrary to the divine Word. A renewed protest in 1715 was apparently equally fruitless.<br />
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Even more dangerous to the Mennonite congregation than these threats from without were the internal conflicts. Especially the separation of the [[Dompelaars|Dompelaars]], who in addition to immersion required [[Feetwashing|footwashing]], and who celebrated [[Communion|communion]] at night and with unleavened bread. Repeated attempts to arbitrate, both from without and within, even by the Lutheran clergy, failed, although the Dompelaars, for want of suitable preachers in their own group, had to employ non-Mennonite preachers. This group experienced a time of growth at the beginning of the 18th century under Denner, whose sermons were attended even by "pious Catholics." The deacon of the main Mennonite body, Ernst Goverts, obtained royal permission in 1708 to build a Dompelaar church on the Grosse Freiheit to seat 300; he gave the beloved preacher an annual salary of 500 marks. Still it took decades with all sorts of experiences with the [[Moravian Church|Moravians]] and other Separatists before the group dissolved by gradual return to the old church. Denner, whose collection of sermons (1630) is still to be found in many Mennonite homes, was its last preacher (see [[Weenigem, Bastiaan van (ca. 1625-1697)|Weenighem, B. van]]).<br />
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According to the <em>Naamlijst</em> of 1743 there were at that time two congregations in Altona, one of which was Flemish. In 1731 and again in 1755 only one is mentioned. Was there a temporary split? The church was further weakened in the 1750's by the [[Society of Friends|Quakers]], who agreed with the Mennonites on some points, such as the rejection of warfare and the oath. Eleven members, including the minister [[Roelofs, Berend (17th century)|Berend Roelofs]], were lost. Also the notorious Antoinette Bourignon attracted some members to her fanaticism. In addition, there were at times differences in teaching between the preachers and the congregation, for axample, concerning the doctrine of Christ (Riewert Dirks), and among the preachers; the dissension between the [[Lamists|Lamists]] and [[Zonists|Zonists]] of the Netherlands (see [[Amsterdam (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Amsterdam]]) raged here, the decision finally favoring the Zonists. Jakobus Kornelius van Campen used the pulpit to attack his colleague Jan de Lanoy, who favored the less strict Lamist wing. Not until 1705 was reconciliation achieved.<br />
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Active connections with other countries were also maintained, especially with the Netherlands, from where many of the Hamburg preachers came and many guest preachers visited them. Relations with Friedrichstadt were similar, both for business and for the arbitration of church difficulties. Brethren from Fresenburg also requested help in 1656, when they were ordered by a royal mandate to leave the city within a week; the intercession of Jan de Buyser , the preacher of the Huiskoper group, was probably successful. Connections were also maintained with [[West Prussia|West Prussia]], Danzig, the [[Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany)|Palatinate]], and [[England|England]]. In 1711 a collection of 1,470 florins was made for the persecuted Swiss Brethren, in spite of financial difficulties at home.<br />
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The organization of the church was on the presbyterial pattern. The ministers, chosen by the congregation, were "in half service," their chief function being to preach. They could function at [[Baptism|baptismal]] and communion services only after a further solemn act, ordination into "full service." The minister must first have been a deacon. Hamburg also had deaconesses, though on a voluntary, unorganized basis. The church council was composed of preachers and deacons. The most prominent of the deacons and ministers of the Hamburg congregation was no doubt [[Roosen, Gerrit (1612-1711)|Gerrit Roosen]], who besides preaching also wrote against such things as fashions and [[Wigs|wigs]], and against Quaker inroads. Not until the 18th century were unsalaried lay preachers gradually replaced by salaried ministers trained usually at the [[Amsterdam Mennonite Theological Seminary (Kweekschool)|Mennonite seminary in Amsterdam]]. It was a sign of the economic strength of the Mennonites that they in 1749 could engage four well-paid ministers, with two assistants. In the service of the deacons there was also a change, in that they were appointed for one year instead of a lifetime; there were, in accord with apostolic example, seven deacons. The church council was responsible for the lay meetings of male baptized members, whose business it was to choose the ministers proposed by the church council. In the 18th century it met annually.<br />
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At that time their church services began at nine in winter and at eight in summer. Singing was led by a chorister until 1764, when an organ was installed. Midweek services, together with the Bremen hymnal, were introduced in 1786 by Reinhard Rahusen; but at the same time a Dutch hymnbook was in use. As late as 1802 a new Dutch hymnal was compiled for the congregation, entitled <em>Christelijke Gezangen voor de openbaare Godsthenst-oeffeningen, ten dienste der Mennoniten Gemeente te Hamburg en Altona</em> (Amsterdam, 1802). This songbook was, however, not used long, and preaching in the Dutch language was replaced by German preaching in 1817 (<em>[[Doopsgezinde Bijdragen|Doopsgezinde Bijdragen ]]</em>1901, 47). Services for children were begun in 1719; they were actually a questioning of the children in the presence of the church board. Discipline was strictly observed. Marriage outside the brotherhood was punished by the ban. In 1702 this practice was discontinued, but the promise to train the children as Mennonites was required. After 1750 all discipline for "mixed marriage" was abandoned because of the rapid recession of the congregation. Military service was strictly prohibited. Shippers and whalers were required to sell their boats rather than arm them in warlike times.<br />
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Since it was illegal in Hamburg for the Mennonite ministers to perform marriages, the Mennonites went to Altona for such services. In 1753 the regulation was passed that the Mennonites must before marriage secure a state certificate for 1.50 Talers. From 1723 on, with some interruptions, they had their own school. The first teacher was a member of the congregation, who at the close of the week could look back upon 52 hours of teaching. The small salary was raised by collection. The school, which engaged four teachers, closed in 1795. For a long time the Mennonites and Reformed shared a cemetery. In 1677 Christian V granted the Mennonites permission to open a cemetery of their own; Hermann Goverts, a deacon, gave half the land for the burial ground, which was located in Altona, and which also served the Separatists. During the war the Mennonites built a cemetery in Hamburg (Oelmühlenkirchhof). The clergy saw to it that funerals were held in accord with the Peace of Westphalia, that is, without the ringing of bells or other ceremony.<br />
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The achievements of the Mennonites of Hamburg in cultural matters were significant; they would not have been possible without their financial strength, which was founded upon their economic activities. Also their skill in the various crafts is worthy of note. In the weaving of wool they were unsurpassed, and furnished the cloth needed by the Schauenburg court; thereby they were not subject to guild pressure. They established connections with the Leipzig Fair and with [[Russia|Russia]]. Imported hides were tanned in their own tanneries. Jakob Denner was a dyer; his church was therefore popularly called the "Blue-dyer Church" (Blaufärberkirche). Retail trade was also promoted. There was less opportunity to engage in agriculture; nevertheless, a number of families owned large farms. Their extensive overseas trade was very strong. The Roosen and de Vlieger families were prominent in the whaling industry, which in the face of the political uncertainty of the time, required a venturesome spirit. Equipment was built along the Elbe for working and packing the products of the whaling industry. Even if the residents of Altona surpassed those of Hamburg economically (Hinrich van der Smissen, "builder of the city," was a resident of Altona), those of Hamburg must not be underestimated.<br />
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This growth of Mennonite industry, which was of benefit to the entire city, was accompanied by improved relations with the government. In Altona all friction with the state was eliminated in the course of the 17th century. In Hamburg the secular authorities were much less biased than the Lutheran church authorities. To the great annoyance of the latter, the secular authorities disregarded the absence of recognition of Mennonites in the Peace of Westphalia by permitting them to hold services in Hamburg in times of war as far back as 1686 when the Danes were besieging the city, and also by excusing them from swearing an oath. It is significant that at the beginning of the 18th century two thirds of the congregation was living in Hamburg.<br />
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A catastrophe for the twin cities, especially Altona, and also for the Mennonites, was the war between Sweden and Denmark 1712-13. Trade became difficult; epidemics raged; fires, set by Stenbock's troops, leveled homes and breweries. The people were impoverished; the church mortgaged its property. It would have been small wonder if the congregation had disbanded.<br />
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The century following this catastrophe has a character of its own. Progressive tolerance led to civil equality; friendly relations with the state softened the old principles; internally a calmer development took place, the age of division and schism was past.<br />
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After the war the state authorities were interested in restoring economic conditions as rapidly as possible. The Mennonites took advantage of this in having their old liberties confirmed; to the right of free trade and religion was added release from taxes for the proposed new church and school, for the parsonage and the homes for the poor, and in particular, release from all future war taxes and other "extraordinary burdens." The <em>[[Privileges (Privilegia)|privilegium exemtionis]]</em> confirmed at the change of government in 1715 granted the Mennonites all of this. The church building was begun at once; private rebuilding was also undertaken. [[Smissen, Hinrich I van der (1662-1737)|Hinrich van der Smissen]], with his characteristic energy, rebuilt the burned breweries, some of his houses, besides new dyeing works, sawmills, smithies, forges, shipbuilding establishments, etc.; he was a member of the city building committee of Altona (the van der Smissensallee was later bought by the city).<br />
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Other important names in the congregation of the two cities were Roosen, Goverts, de Vlieger, Linnich, [[Beets family|Beets]], especially [[Beets, Gerrit (1707-1776)|Gerritt Beets]], the "Apollo" of the congregation,[[Rahusen family| Rahusen]], de Voss, and [[Goos family|Goos]].<br />
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There is a dearth of statistics of membership in the congregation. In 1716-17 the heads of 123 households took part in the building plans for the church; that would indicate a total membership of about 620; in 1809, 15 families were counted in Altona; in 1814 Hamburg had 40 members; in 1840 the combined membership was reckoned at 125. The causes of this retrogression were emigration (to [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]] circa 1700), and transfer to other denominations, the most serious of which was the defection of the Goverts brothers. Severe losses were also caused by mixed marriages, which until 1800 were permitted by the state only with the promise of training the children as Lutherans; after the congregation had dwindled in size, this was no longer considered a threat to the Lutherans. The Mennonites still had to pay their fees to the Lutheran pastors—because the salaries of the latter were in part dependent on these fees, which were rated according to the number of houses in the parish. The Mennonites did not object to this fee; on the contrary, in 1750-51 they made a contribution of 5,810 Marks to the city for the restoration of the church of St. Michael.<br />
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Thus it came about that relations with the outside grew obviously more favorable. The Mennonites were now publicly recognized for their contribution to the common good, and the clergy had to discard their idea of equating them with the Münsterites. This increasing recognition of "unorthodox" creeds was due in large part to Rationalism, and reached its culmination in the 1820's. Napoleon had dictatorially introduced French laws, which declared the civic equality of all citizens of the state regardless of creed. This was the occasion in 1813 for the consideration by the Hamburg clergy of the weighty question: hitherto only "the Mennonites, who were worthy of respect," had been tolerated, whereas other non-Lutherans were usually shunted off to Altona. In 1814 a proposal was made to drop the fees required of the Mennonites; the clergy offered no objection. The mayor also wanted to include in the new statute "the quiet, responsible, outwardly excellently upright Mennonites." In October 1814 they were pronounced a recognized religious society and were given the right to hold office and to vote. Elder Isaak Goos replied for the congregation that its only wish was to have its quiet existence protected, and pointed out that their religious principles prevented them from accepting certain judicial positions or participation in war affairs. The joy in the new-found freedom was somewhat dimmed by the fear that the old principles would now be broken. Two centuries earlier the Mennonites had been regarded as a threat to church and state; now they had the same equal privileges that their brethren in Altona had enjoyed for two hundred years.<br />
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The 19th century, however, brought a period of severe conflict, caused by the growing nationalism among the nations. In 1803 a conference of elders and preachers meeting at [[Ibersheim Resolutions (Ibersheimer Beschlusse) |Ibersheim]] had advocated strict adherence to [[Nonresistance|nonresistance]]. After ten years of negotiation, the Altona Mennonites succeeded in maintaining this right in return for a fee and a fine of 1,600 Talers. In Hamburg too the request of the small congregation was for a long time disregarded. A lieutenant who was expelled from the congregation in 1818 was released from his military duties. New, considerable difficulties arose again by the military regulations of 1821, which made no provision for religious objection. Thus, in 1837, when the son of Elder Goos was drafted into the army, the request for his release could no longer be based on precedent; his request contained not only a willingness to pay a fee, but also a veiled threat of emigration. The Kollegium of the Hamburg clergy granted the request. But in 1845, when a young Mennonite was again called, a petition succeeded only in releasing him from personal service, not from guard duty. The Altona Mennonites had been released from military duty by the provisional government. But in Hamburg a number of men continued to be conscripted in spite of protests. Not until 1851 did a general petition, which threatened moving into adjacent Altona, make an effective impression. By abandoning a principle maintained until then (that service by a substitute is service), the Mennonites could secure the release of their young men. In 1867 the privilege was completely lost; the only way out was by serving in the medical corps or the like. But in the meantime, Mennonitism had undergone a change, especially under the influence of Wilhelm Mannhardt of Berlin, in the direction of the old principle of personal liberty.<br />
<br />
The inner development of the congregation in the 19th century proceeded without interruption. The state saved the congregation by annulling the prohibition of mixed marriages, but numerically it declined. After 1817 there was only one preacher, now called pastor because of academic training. [[Roosen, Berend Carl (1820-1904) |Berend Carl Roosen]], pastor after 1845, awakened interest in the history of the congregation. His successor, [[Smissen, Hinrich van der (1851-1928)|Hinrich van der Smissen]], was pastor 1885-1928. After 1839 the language of the services, which had been Dutch, was exclusively German. The parochial school, which was revived for 13 years, passed into private possession. Connections with Holland grew weaker; those with Friedrichstadt were maintained for some time. The Hamburg-Altona church was given an important position by being made the seat of the <em>[[Vereinigung der deutschen Mennonitengemeinden (Union of German Mennonite Congregations)|Vereinigung]] </em>in 1885.<br />
<br />
Until 1675 religious services were held in a rear building on Roosen land on the Grosse Freiheit (free trade); in that year a church was built, paid for by a contribution of 5 per cent of the proceeds of the whaling industry for one year. This church was burned down in 1713. On its site a new church was dedicated in 1715. The aftereffects of[[World War (1914-1918)| World War I]] resulted in great losses to the Mennonites of Hamburg-Altona. However, before the end of the war the congregation erected its splendid new church, parish house, and parsonage (1914-16) in Altona, Mennonitenstrasse 20. It also has a rather extensive archives; its library, which was begun in 1747 with the legacy of Pastor Rahusen's books, is the richest of all Mennonite libraries in Germany.<br />
<br />
On several occasions the Hamburg congregation, usually in connection with the [[Fonds voor Buitenlandsche Nooden (Dutch Relief Fund for Foreign Needs) |Dutch Committee of Foreign Needs]], raised funds for the Mennonite refugees displaced by persecution; for example, in 1690 for those in the Palatinate, in 1710-12 for [[Switzerland|Switzerland ]](collection 631 guilders), in 1733-35 for those from [[Lithuania|Lithuania]] (collection 3,352 Dutch guilders), in 1766 for Polish Prussia. In 1710-11 the church board of Hamburg approved a plan to colonize the Swiss Mennonites in East Prussia; but this project was not carried out, both because of the aversion of the Swiss Mennonites and also because of the opposition of the Amsterdam Committee.<br />
<br />
Hamburg-Altona suffered most severely during World War II, especially during the air raids in July 1943. One third of the Mennonites lost their homes, most lost property, and some lost their lives. The well-known van der Smissen Allee, the Dennerstrasse, the old Mennonite church in the Grosse Freiheit, the chapel in the cemetery, etc., were completely destroyed. Fortunately, the new church and the other buildings, including the valuable library, although somewhat damaged, were not destroyed. By 1946 the church could be used and by 1948 it was fully restored.<br />
<br />
Ministers of the church since 1801 have been Isaak Goos until 1845; [[Roosen, Berend Carl (1820-1904) |Berend Carl Roosen]], 1845-82; Hinrich van der Smissen, 1885-1928; Otto Schowalter, 1928- .<br />
<br />
The third old people's home of the German Mennonites, called "[[Mennonitische Heime, e.V. (Germany)|Abendfrieden]]," was established in 1952 in a suburb of Hamburg, Pinneberg-Rellingen.<br />
<br />
Regular services are held by the Hamburg pastor in Altona, Bad Oldesloe, Trittau, and at the old people's home.<br />
<br />
The Hamburg-Altona congregation has taken over the patronship of the [[Menno Monument (Witmarsum, Friesland, Netherlands)|Menno Simons Monument ]]at Bad Oldesloe.<br />
<br />
The [[Mennonite Central Committee (International)|Mennonite Central Committee ]]with headquarters first in[[Kiel (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany)| Kiel ]](1946-47) and later in Hamburg (1948-52), did much to alleviate both the physical and spiritual suffering of the Mennonite refugees from the east in the area of Schleswig-Holstein, where a total of 4,300 were resident in 1950. The MCC program of relief, with large distribution of food and clothing, ministered to many more non-Mennonites as well.<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Dollinger, R. <em>Geschichte der Mennoniten in Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg und Lübeck</em>. Neumünster i.H., 1930.<br />
<br />
Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. ''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I, 46 f.; v. II, 239-44.<br />
<br />
Hoop Scheffer, Jacob Gijsbert de. <em>Inventaris der Archiefstukken berustende bij de Vereenigde Doopsgezinde Gemeente to Amsterdam,</em> 2 vols. Amsterdam: Uitgegeven en ten geschenke aangeboden door den Kerkeraad dier Gemeente, 1883-1884: v. I, Nos. 567, 578, 797, 1058, 1062, 1108, 1114, 1155, 1177, 1186, 1271, 1319 f., 1328, 1355, 1422 f., v. II, Nos. 2788-91.<br />
<br />
Münte, H. <em>Das Altonaer Handlungshaus van der Smissen</em>, 1682-1824. Altona, 1932.<br />
<br />
Roosen, B. C. <em>Geschichte der Mennoniten Gemeinde zu Hamburg und Altona</em>, 2 vols. Hamburg, 1886.<br />
<br />
Schowalter, O. "Die Mennoniten zu Hamburg." <em>Mennonite Life</em> V (April 1950).<br />
<br />
Wichmann, E. <em>Geschichte Altona's</em>. Altona, 1865.<br />
<br />
= Maps =<br />
[[Map:Altona (Hamburg)|Map:Altona (Hamburg)]]<br />
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 2, pp. 639-643|date=1956|a1_last=Dollinger|a1_first=Robert|a2_last=Smissen|a2_first=H. van der}}<br />
[[Category:Churches]]<br />
[[Category:Germany Congregations]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Mennonite_Brethren_Bible_Institute_of_Ontario_(Kitchener,_Ontario,_Canada)&diff=178188Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)2024-01-24T22:01:18Z<p>AlfRedekopp: /* Bibliography */</p>
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[[File:MBBI Kitchener (NP149-01-5773).jpg|400px|thumb|right|''Students and teachers for the first year that the school operated in Kitchener. Teachers (l-r) J.J. Toews, I.T. Ewert, principal, J. Hamm, and A.J. Block are standing in the back row. <br>Photo: Centre for MB Studies (NP149-1-5773)''.]]<br />
Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (commonly referred to as the Ontario MB Conference Bible School) traces its beginnings to the Niagara Peninsula, where it became known as the [[Virgil Bible School (Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada)|Virgil Bible School]], which functioned under that name 1938-1955, when the school was moved to Kitchener. The school met in [[Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)|Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church’s]] new education wing, beginning in October 1955. In 1957 $1,000 rent was paid to the church for the use of the facilities including all utilities. Meals were cooked in the new Education wing’s kitchen, and served in the adjoining auditorium. Students lived in the homes of members of the Kitchener church.<br />
<br />
The school offered a two year program that was geared to Bible study and the practical application of that study. Courses included music theory, history and conducting, missions, Christian education, youth work, practical theology, doctrine, history, homiletics and language.<br />
<br />
Activities of the students included visits to the churches by groups, choirs and special speakers; and service in institutions.<br />
<br />
The Bible School Board of the [[Ontario Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches|Ontario MB Conference]] oversaw the finances and made the major decisions, the most difficult one being the decision to discontinue the school in 1964, due to the decline in enrollment. Beginning in 1965 the Ontario MB Conference advised its students to attend one of the Mennonite Brethren Bible institutes in western Canada, choosing either the one in [[Columbia Bible College (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|Clearbrook]], [[Bethany College (Hepburn, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hepburn]] or [[Winkler Bible Institute (Winkler, Manitoba, Canada)|Winkler]], and paid these institutions a subsidy on a per student basis. During the restructuring of the Ontario MB Conference in 1968, the Bible School Board was renamed a Committee and placed under the administration of the Board of Education. The Bible School Committee continued to exist in the 1980s.<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Boldt, Edward. <em class="gameo_bibliography">A history of the Ontario Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches 1957-1982.</em> Ontario Conference of M.B. Churches, 1982.<br />
<br />
=== Archival Records ===<br />
[https://cmbs.mennonitebrethren.ca/inst_records/mennonite-brethren-bible-institute-of-ontario-kitchener-on/ Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario fonds]. 1955-1964. Centre for Mennonite Brethren Studies (Winnipeg).<br />
<br />
= Additional Information =<br />
=== Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario staff and faculty: 1955-1964 ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! School year<br />
! Staff & faculty<br />
|- <br />
| 1955-1956<br />
| | Isaac T. Ewert (principal), [[Block, Abram J. (1905-1982)|Abram J. Block]], [[Toews, Jacob John "J. J." (1914-1995)|J. J. Toews]], Jacob Hamm (until Feb.10), [[Goerzen, Henry (1931-2012)|Henry Goerzen]] (after Feb. 10), P. Siemens (part-time);cooks: [[Thielman, Henry G. (1904-1985)|Mrs. Lydia Thielman]] and Miss Clara Reimer<br />
|- <br />
| 1956-1957<br />
| | Isaac T. Ewert (principal),Abram J. Block, [[Wall, John (1923-2014)|John Wall]] (choir director); cooks: Mrs. Lydia Thielman and Miss E. Musselman<br />
|- <br />
| 1957-1958<br />
| | [[Kornelson, Wilmer (1928-2017)|Wilmer Kornelson]] (principal), [[Warkentin, Henry (1923-2017)|Henry Warkentin]], Corny Braun, Katie Epp, John Goertz (choir director); cook: Mrs. Anna Loewen<br />
|-<br />
|1958-1959<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Henry Warkentin, John B. Epp, Katie Epp, Henry Esau ; cook: Miss Hulda Neumann<br />
|-<br />
|1959-1960<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Walter Wiebe, Henry Esau,Elizabeth Esau. Cooks: Miss Hilda Neuman, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1960-1961<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Walter Wiebe, [[Boldt, Edward (1929-2017)|Edward Boldt]], Mrs. William Baerg (music theory). Cooks: Mrs. S. Corban, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1961-1962<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), [[Boldt, John (1918-1980)|John Boldt]], Paul Unger. Cooks: Mrs. S. Corban, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1962-1963<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), John Boldt, Paul Unger. Cook: Miss Hulda Neumann<br />
|-<br />
|1963-1964<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), John Boldt, Paul Unger<br />
|}<br />
<br />
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[[Category:Bible Schools]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Mennonite_Brethren_Bible_Institute_of_Ontario_(Kitchener,_Ontario,_Canada)&diff=178187Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)2024-01-24T21:58:32Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
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[[File:MBBI Kitchener (NP149-01-5773).jpg|400px|thumb|right|''Students and teachers for the first year that the school operated in Kitchener. Teachers (l-r) J.J. Toews, I.T. Ewert, principal, J. Hamm, and A.J. Block are standing in the back row. <br>Photo: Centre for MB Studies (NP149-1-5773)''.]]<br />
Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (commonly referred to as the Ontario MB Conference Bible School) traces its beginnings to the Niagara Peninsula, where it became known as the [[Virgil Bible School (Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada)|Virgil Bible School]], which functioned under that name 1938-1955, when the school was moved to Kitchener. The school met in [[Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)|Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church’s]] new education wing, beginning in October 1955. In 1957 $1,000 rent was paid to the church for the use of the facilities including all utilities. Meals were cooked in the new Education wing’s kitchen, and served in the adjoining auditorium. Students lived in the homes of members of the Kitchener church.<br />
<br />
The school offered a two year program that was geared to Bible study and the practical application of that study. Courses included music theory, history and conducting, missions, Christian education, youth work, practical theology, doctrine, history, homiletics and language.<br />
<br />
Activities of the students included visits to the churches by groups, choirs and special speakers; and service in institutions.<br />
<br />
The Bible School Board of the [[Ontario Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches|Ontario MB Conference]] oversaw the finances and made the major decisions, the most difficult one being the decision to discontinue the school in 1964, due to the decline in enrollment. Beginning in 1965 the Ontario MB Conference advised its students to attend one of the Mennonite Brethren Bible institutes in western Canada, choosing either the one in [[Columbia Bible College (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|Clearbrook]], [[Bethany College (Hepburn, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hepburn]] or [[Winkler Bible Institute (Winkler, Manitoba, Canada)|Winkler]], and paid these institutions a subsidy on a per student basis. During the restructuring of the Ontario MB Conference in 1968, the Bible School Board was renamed a Committee and placed under the administration of the Board of Education. The Bible School Committee continued to exist in the 1980s.<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Boldt, Edward. <em class="gameo_bibliography">A history of the Ontario Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches 1957-1982.</em> Ontario Conference of M.B. Churches, 1982.<br />
<br />
[https://cmbs.mennonitebrethren.ca/inst_records/mennonite-brethren-bible-institute-of-ontario-kitchener-on/ Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario fonds]. 1955-1964. Centre for Mennonite Brethren Studies (Winnipeg).<br />
<br />
= Additional Information =<br />
=== Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario staff and faculty: 1955-1964 ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! School year<br />
! Staff & faculty<br />
|- <br />
| 1955-1956<br />
| | Isaac T. Ewert (principal), [[Block, Abram J. (1905-1982)|Abram J. Block]], [[Toews, Jacob John "J. J." (1914-1995)|J. J. Toews]], Jacob Hamm (until Feb.10), [[Goerzen, Henry (1931-2012)|Henry Goerzen]] (after Feb. 10), P. Siemens (part-time);cooks: [[Thielman, Henry G. (1904-1985)|Mrs. Lydia Thielman]] and Miss Clara Reimer<br />
|- <br />
| 1956-1957<br />
| | Isaac T. Ewert (principal),Abram J. Block, [[Wall, John (1923-2014)|John Wall]] (choir director); cooks: Mrs. Lydia Thielman and Miss E. Musselman<br />
|- <br />
| 1957-1958<br />
| | [[Kornelson, Wilmer (1928-2017)|Wilmer Kornelson]] (principal), [[Warkentin, Henry (1923-2017)|Henry Warkentin]], Corny Braun, Katie Epp, John Goertz (choir director); cook: Mrs. Anna Loewen<br />
|-<br />
|1958-1959<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Henry Warkentin, John B. Epp, Katie Epp, Henry Esau ; cook: Miss Hulda Neumann<br />
|-<br />
|1959-1960<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Walter Wiebe, Henry Esau,Elizabeth Esau. Cooks: Miss Hilda Neuman, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1960-1961<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Walter Wiebe, [[Boldt, Edward (1929-2017)|Edward Boldt]], Mrs. William Baerg (music theory). Cooks: Mrs. S. Corban, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1961-1962<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), [[Boldt, John (1918-1980)|John Boldt]], Paul Unger. Cooks: Mrs. S. Corban, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1962-1963<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), John Boldt, Paul Unger. Cook: Miss Hulda Neumann<br />
|-<br />
|1963-1964<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), John Boldt, Paul Unger<br />
|}<br />
<br />
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[[Category:Bible Schools]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Virgil_Bible_School_(Niagara-on-the-Lake,_Ontario,_Canada)&diff=178186Virgil Bible School (Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada)2024-01-24T21:57:21Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
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<div>[[File:VirgilBibleSchool1949.jpg|350px|thumb|right|''Virgil Bible School, 1949<br /><br />
Creator: Henry J. Wiens (1885-1975)<br /><br />
Digitized by Hiebert Library. [http://callimachus.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15008coll27/id/84/rec/193 Center for Mennonite Brethren Studies].'']]<br />
The Virgil Bible School traces its beginning to the founding of the Virgil-Vineland Bible School Society in 1939 by the early [[Mennonite Brethren Church|Mennonite Brethren]] settlers in the Niagara Peninsula.<br />
<br />
A day school was first opened under the auspices of this society in Vineland on 22 November 1939 with [[Boldt, Bernhard B. (1894-1962)|Bernhard B. Boldt]] as the first instructor. A little later in that first year, the instruction was resumed by Rev. Isaac and Helene Ewert, who had begun an evening Bible School in Virgil the previous year. During the second year (1940-1941), [[Boldt, Bernhard B. (1894-1961)|Bernhard B. Boldt]] and [[Voth, Herman (1915-2010)| Herman Voth]] were engaged by the Bible School Society to teach in Virgil. During 1941-1942 the day classes had to be closed due to public opinion during World War II.<br />
<br />
The Evening Bible School first begun in Virgil in the Fall of 1938 under Isaac Ewert's leadership continued to function throughout the years 1938-1943. Isaac Ewert, [[Block, Abram J. (1905-1982)|Abram J. Block]] and Frank Schellenberg gave instruction at various times. On 22 April 1944 a Bible School Society was founded in consultation with the [[Cornerstone Community Church (Virgil, Ontario, Canada)|Virgil Mennonite Brethren Church]] with the intent of taking the responsibility of maintaining the Bible School with a broader scope. With increased interest and membership, the society was able to purchase a large, old building on a 9-acre estate a mile and half northeast of Virgil, known as Locust Grove. Here the program was expanded to a 3-year curriculum and a high school component (Grade 10 and 11) added in 1945. This was the beginning of the [[Eden High School (St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada)|Eden High School]] and the name of the school was changed to Eden Bible and High School in 1947. The ownership of the school was transferred to the [[Ontario Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches|Ontario Mennonite Brethren Conference]] in November 1948.<br />
<br />
Until 1955 the Bible school department continued to function alongside the high school department at the Eden site. For the 1955-56 school year, the Bible school department was transferred to the [[Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)|Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church]], where the school continued to function under the leadership of principal Wilmer Kornelson until it closed in 1964. The name changed to [[Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)|Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario]] for these final years.<br />
<br />
Many of the students attending the school during this period did so as a time between high school and college or university. The Bible school played a significant role in consolidating and strengthening the spiritual lives of these young people, preparing them for service in the church and community in areas such as Christian Education and music.<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Boldt, Edward. <em class="gameo_bibliography">A history of the Ontario Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches 1957-1982.</em> Ontario Conference of M.B. Churches, 1982.<br />
<br />
<em class="gameo_bibliography">He leadeth: history of the M.B. Churches of Ontario 1924-1957.</em> Ontario: [The Conference], 1957?<br />
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[[Category:Bible Schools]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Kornelson,_Wilmer_(1928-2017)&diff=178185Kornelson, Wilmer (1928-2017)2024-01-24T21:56:10Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
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[[File:Wilmer Kornelson.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Wilmer Kornelson (1928-2017)''.]]<br />
Wilmer Kenneth Kornelson: pastor, teacher, conference worker; born the seventh of eight children on 11 May 1928 to Frederick Wilhelm Kornelson (2 December 1888, Austria – 10 May 1976, [[Swift Current (Saskatchewan, Canada)|Swift Current]], Saskatchewan, Canada) and Magdalene "Lena" (Butz) Kornelson (2 March 1890, Romania – 8 July 1976, Swift Current, Saskatchewan) in Gravelbourg, Saskatchewan. He married Evangeline Willms (9 July 1927, Alexander, [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]], Canada – 6 June 2008, [[Abbotsford (British Columbia, Canada)|Abbotsford]], British Columbia, Canada), daughter of Franz J. Willms (1896-1955) and Maria (Neufeld) Willms (1906-1990), on 29 August 1952 in [[Broadway Mennonite Brethren Church (Chilliwack, British Columbia, Canada)|Broadway Mennonite Brethren Church]] in Chilliwack, British Columbia. The Kornelsons had two natural born children, Lois and Ken, and one adopted son, John. Wilmer died on 24 September 2017 in Abbotsford, British Columbia, where he was buried.<br />
<br />
Wilmer’s paternal and maternal grandparents were ethnic Germans from Romania who immigrated to Canada in the 1890s. Wilmer made his commitment to the Christian faith in 1938 in response to the preaching of his uncle Jake Kornelson. In the same year he was baptized by immersion by Tom Ellis, a Methodist minister. Wilmer’s association with the Woodrow Alliance Church ended what it dissolved, after which he joined the [[Woodrow Mennonite Brethren Church (Woodrow, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Woodrow Mennonite Brethren Church]]. His ordination to ministry in June 1953 was initiated by the South Saskatchewan Mennonite Brethren (MB) Conference, and served as a strong encouragement for him to pursue a life of ministry. <br />
<br />
After completing grade ten in 1944, Wilmer continued his studies at Briercrest Bible School in Caronport, Saskatchewan, where his spiritual views were significantly shaped by the teaching of Dr. [[Hildebrand, Henry D. (1931-2008)|Henry Hildebrand]]. Wanting to continue his education in a denominational context, Wilmer began studies at [[Mennonite Brethren Bible College (Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada)|Mennonite Brethren Bible College]] in the fall of 1944, and graduated with his Bachelor of Religious Education degree in June 1952. In 1955 he enrolled at [[Tabor College (Hillsboro, Kansas, USA)|Tabor College]] in Hillsboro, Kansas, where he completed his Bachelor of Arts degree.<br />
<br />
Wilmer’s conviction that he was called to ministry defined his working life. His pastoral assignments included service in the non-denominational church in Bromhead, Saskatchewan, at the [[Lindal Mennonite Brethren Mission (Lindal, Manitoba, Canada)|Lindal MB Church]] in Morden, Manitoba, and at the [[Fraserview Mennonite Brethren Church (Richmond, British Columbia, Canada)|Fraserview MB Church]] in Vancouver, British Columbia. <br />
<br />
Following his graduation from Tabor College, Wilmer accepted a teaching position at the [[Herbert Bible School (Herbert, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Herbert Bible School]] in Saskatchewan. In 1957 he was called to be the principal of the [[Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)|Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario]] in Kitchener, Ontario. In 1974 he was appointed to the faculty of Columbia Bible Institute (now [[Columbia Bible College (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|Columbia Bible College]]) in Abbotsford, British Columbia, where he taught until 1993. <br />
<br />
Being a dedicated churchman, Wilmer also served the [[Canadian Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches|Canadian Mennonite Brethren Conference]] as Director of Christian Education from 1967 to 1974. In this position he organized Christian Education workshops in churches across the country and streamlined Sunday school teaching materials through a Service Training Program (S.T.P.). He also advocated that local churches initiate cell groups to stimulate personal discipleship. His publications during these years included the first MB ''Minister’s Manual'', and a twice annual release, ''The Youth Worker''. He also submitted monthly articles to the ''Mennonite Brethren Herald'', in a column called "Let Us Talk Church Work." Wilmer also helped initiate the first of several well-attended Banff Retreats, which were designed to serve as training and inspirational times for MB youth workers.<br />
<br />
Wilmer led several tours to [[Israel]]. On one of these visits he studied at the Institute of Holy Land Studies, and participated in an archaeological dig. He remained creatively active during his retirement years, volunteering his time generously, serving on the board of the MSA Halfway House Society in Abbotsford, and on the executive committee of the Fraser Valley Constituency Conservative Party.<br />
<br />
During Wilmer’s final year, he was a resident of [[Tabor Home Society (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|Tabor Village]] in Abbotsford, where he passed away 24 September 2017. <br />
= Bibliography =<br />
GRANDMA (The '''G'''enealogical '''R'''egistry '''an'''d '''D'''atabase of '''M'''ennonite '''A'''ncestry) Database, 17-09 ed. Fresno, CA: [http://calmenno.org/index.htm" California Mennonite Historical Society], 2017: #507555.<br />
<br />
Janzen, Gerald. Interview by author. Abbotsford, BC (December 2017).<br />
<br />
Kornelson, Wilmer. ''By God’s Grace: Autobiography''. Abbotsford: ColorCentrix Printco Ltd., 1998.<br />
<br />
Wiens, Henry. Interview by author. Abbotsford, BC (December 2017).<br />
<br />
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=December 2017|a1_last=Giesbrecht|a1_first=David|a2_last=|a2_first=}}<br />
[[Category:Persons]]<br />
[[Category:Ministers]]<br />
[[Category:Canadian Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches Ministers]]<br />
[[Category:Mennonite Brethren Church of Manitoba Ministers]]<br />
[[Category:British Columbia Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches Ministers]]<br />
[[Category:College/University Faculty and Staff]]<br />
[[Category:Herbert Bible School Faculty and Staff]]<br />
[[Category:Virgil Bible School Faculty and Staff]]<br />
[[Category:Columbia Bible College Faculty and Staff]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Mennonite_Brethren_Bible_Institute_of_Ontario_(Kitchener,_Ontario,_Canada)&diff=178184Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)2024-01-24T21:55:19Z<p>AlfRedekopp: AlfRedekopp moved page Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (Kitchener, Ontario) to Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada) without leaving a redirect: Title correction</p>
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__FORCETOC__<br />
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[[File:MBBI Kitchener (NP149-01-5773).jpg|400px|thumb|right|''Students and teachers for the first year that the school operated in Kitchener. Teachers (l-r) J.J. Toews, I.T. Ewert, principal, J. Hamm, and A.J. Block are standing in the back row. <br>Photo: Centre for MB Studies (NP149-1-5773)''.]]<br />
Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (commonly referred to as the Ontario MB Conference Bible School) traces its beginnings to the Niagara Peninsula, where it became known as the [[Virgil Bible School (Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada)|Virgil Bible School]], which functioned under that name 1938-1955, when the school was moved to Kitchener. The school met in [[Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)|Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church’s]] new education wing, beginning in October 1955. In 1957 $1,000 rent was paid to the church for the use of the facilities including all utilities. Meals were cooked in the new Education wing’s kitchen, and served in the adjoining auditorium. Students lived in the homes of members of the Kitchener church.<br />
<br />
The school offered a two year program that was geared to Bible study and the practical application of that study. Courses included music theory, history and conducting, missions, Christian education, youth work, practical theology, doctrine, history, homiletics and language.<br />
<br />
Activities of the students included visits to the churches by groups, choirs and special speakers; and service in institutions.<br />
<br />
The Bible School Board of the [[Ontario Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches|Ontario MB Conference]] oversaw the finances and made the major decisions, the most difficult one being the decision to discontinue the school in 1964, due to the decline in enrollment. Beginning in 1965 the Ontario MB Conference advised its students to attend one of the Mennonite Brethren Bible institutes in western Canada, choosing either the one in [[Columbia Bible College (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|Clearbrook]], [[Bethany College (Hepburn, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hepburn]] or [[Winkler Bible Institute (Winkler, Manitoba, Canada)|Winkler]], and paid these institutions a subsidy on a per student basis. During the restructuring of the Ontario MB Conference in 1968, the Bible School Board was renamed a Committee and placed under the administration of the Board of Education. The Bible School Committee continued to exist in the 1980s.<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
[https://cmbs.mennonitebrethren.ca/inst_records/mennonite-brethren-bible-institute-of-ontario-kitchener-on/ Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario fonds]. 1955-1964. Centre for Mennonite Brethren Studies (Winnipeg).<br />
<br />
= Additional Information =<br />
=== Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario staff and faculty: 1955-1964 ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! School year<br />
! Staff & faculty<br />
|- <br />
| 1955-1956<br />
| | Isaac T. Ewert (principal), [[Block, Abram J. (1905-1982)|Abram J. Block]], [[Toews, Jacob John "J. J." (1914-1995)|J. J. Toews]], Jacob Hamm (until Feb.10), [[Goerzen, Henry (1931-2012)|Henry Goerzen]] (after Feb. 10), P. Siemens (part-time);cooks: [[Thielman, Henry G. (1904-1985)|Mrs. Lydia Thielman]] and Miss Clara Reimer<br />
|- <br />
| 1956-1957<br />
| | Isaac T. Ewert (principal),Abram J. Block, [[Wall, John (1923-2014)|John Wall]] (choir director); cooks: Mrs. Lydia Thielman and Miss E. Musselman<br />
|- <br />
| 1957-1958<br />
| | [[Kornelson, Wilmer (1928-2017)|Wilmer Kornelson]] (principal), [[Warkentin, Henry (1923-2017)|Henry Warkentin]], Corny Braun, Katie Epp, John Goertz (choir director); cook: Mrs. Anna Loewen<br />
|-<br />
|1958-1959<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Henry Warkentin, John B. Epp, Katie Epp, Henry Esau ; cook: Miss Hulda Neumann<br />
|-<br />
|1959-1960<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Walter Wiebe, Henry Esau,Elizabeth Esau. Cooks: Miss Hilda Neuman, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1960-1961<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Walter Wiebe, [[Boldt, Edward (1929-2017)|Edward Boldt]], Mrs. William Baerg (music theory). Cooks: Mrs. S. Corban, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1961-1962<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), [[Boldt, John (1918-1980)|John Boldt]], Paul Unger. Cooks: Mrs. S. Corban, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1962-1963<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), John Boldt, Paul Unger. Cook: Miss Hulda Neumann<br />
|-<br />
|1963-1964<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), John Boldt, Paul Unger<br />
|}<br />
<br />
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{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=24 January 1924|a1_last=Redekopp|a1_first=Alf|a2_last=|a2_first=}}<br />
[[Category:Bible Schools]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Kornelson,_Wilmer_(1928-2017)&diff=178183Kornelson, Wilmer (1928-2017)2024-01-24T21:53:08Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
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[[File:Wilmer Kornelson.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Wilmer Kornelson (1928-2017)''.]]<br />
Wilmer Kenneth Kornelson: pastor, teacher, conference worker; born the seventh of eight children on 11 May 1928 to Frederick Wilhelm Kornelson (2 December 1888, Austria – 10 May 1976, [[Swift Current (Saskatchewan, Canada)|Swift Current]], Saskatchewan, Canada) and Magdalene "Lena" (Butz) Kornelson (2 March 1890, Romania – 8 July 1976, Swift Current, Saskatchewan) in Gravelbourg, Saskatchewan. He married Evangeline Willms (9 July 1927, Alexander, [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]], Canada – 6 June 2008, [[Abbotsford (British Columbia, Canada)|Abbotsford]], British Columbia, Canada), daughter of Franz J. Willms (1896-1955) and Maria (Neufeld) Willms (1906-1990), on 29 August 1952 in [[Broadway Mennonite Brethren Church (Chilliwack, British Columbia, Canada)|Broadway Mennonite Brethren Church]] in Chilliwack, British Columbia. The Kornelsons had two natural born children, Lois and Ken, and one adopted son, John. Wilmer died on 24 September 2017 in Abbotsford, British Columbia, where he was buried.<br />
<br />
Wilmer’s paternal and maternal grandparents were ethnic Germans from Romania who immigrated to Canada in the 1890s. Wilmer made his commitment to the Christian faith in 1938 in response to the preaching of his uncle Jake Kornelson. In the same year he was baptized by immersion by Tom Ellis, a Methodist minister. Wilmer’s association with the Woodrow Alliance Church ended what it dissolved, after which he joined the [[Woodrow Mennonite Brethren Church (Woodrow, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Woodrow Mennonite Brethren Church]]. His ordination to ministry in June 1953 was initiated by the South Saskatchewan Mennonite Brethren (MB) Conference, and served as a strong encouragement for him to pursue a life of ministry. <br />
<br />
After completing grade ten in 1944, Wilmer continued his studies at Briercrest Bible School in Caronport, Saskatchewan, where his spiritual views were significantly shaped by the teaching of Dr. [[Hildebrand, Henry D. (1931-2008)|Henry Hildebrand]]. Wanting to continue his education in a denominational context, Wilmer began studies at [[Mennonite Brethren Bible College (Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada)|Mennonite Brethren Bible College]] in the fall of 1944, and graduated with his Bachelor of Religious Education degree in June 1952. In 1955 he enrolled at [[Tabor College (Hillsboro, Kansas, USA)|Tabor College]] in Hillsboro, Kansas, where he completed his Bachelor of Arts degree.<br />
<br />
Wilmer’s conviction that he was called to ministry defined his working life. His pastoral assignments included service in the non-denominational church in Bromhead, Saskatchewan, at the [[Lindal Mennonite Brethren Mission (Lindal, Manitoba, Canada)|Lindal MB Church]] in Morden, Manitoba, and at the [[Fraserview Mennonite Brethren Church (Richmond, British Columbia, Canada)|Fraserview MB Church]] in Vancouver, British Columbia. <br />
<br />
Following his graduation from Tabor College, Wilmer accepted a teaching position at the [[Herbert Bible School (Herbert, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Herbert Bible School]] in Saskatchewan. In 1957 he was called to be the principal of the [[Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (Kitchener, Ontario)|Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario]] in Kitchener, Ontario. In 1974 he was appointed to the faculty of Columbia Bible Institute (now [[Columbia Bible College (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|Columbia Bible College]]) in Abbotsford, British Columbia, where he taught until 1993. <br />
<br />
Being a dedicated churchman, Wilmer also served the [[Canadian Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches|Canadian Mennonite Brethren Conference]] as Director of Christian Education from 1967 to 1974. In this position he organized Christian Education workshops in churches across the country and streamlined Sunday school teaching materials through a Service Training Program (S.T.P.). He also advocated that local churches initiate cell groups to stimulate personal discipleship. His publications during these years included the first MB ''Minister’s Manual'', and a twice annual release, ''The Youth Worker''. He also submitted monthly articles to the ''Mennonite Brethren Herald'', in a column called "Let Us Talk Church Work." Wilmer also helped initiate the first of several well-attended Banff Retreats, which were designed to serve as training and inspirational times for MB youth workers.<br />
<br />
Wilmer led several tours to [[Israel]]. On one of these visits he studied at the Institute of Holy Land Studies, and participated in an archaeological dig. He remained creatively active during his retirement years, volunteering his time generously, serving on the board of the MSA Halfway House Society in Abbotsford, and on the executive committee of the Fraser Valley Constituency Conservative Party.<br />
<br />
During Wilmer’s final year, he was a resident of [[Tabor Home Society (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|Tabor Village]] in Abbotsford, where he passed away 24 September 2017. <br />
= Bibliography =<br />
GRANDMA (The '''G'''enealogical '''R'''egistry '''an'''d '''D'''atabase of '''M'''ennonite '''A'''ncestry) Database, 17-09 ed. Fresno, CA: [http://calmenno.org/index.htm" California Mennonite Historical Society], 2017: #507555.<br />
<br />
Janzen, Gerald. Interview by author. Abbotsford, BC (December 2017).<br />
<br />
Kornelson, Wilmer. ''By God’s Grace: Autobiography''. Abbotsford: ColorCentrix Printco Ltd., 1998.<br />
<br />
Wiens, Henry. Interview by author. Abbotsford, BC (December 2017).<br />
<br />
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=December 2017|a1_last=Giesbrecht|a1_first=David|a2_last=|a2_first=}}<br />
[[Category:Persons]]<br />
[[Category:Ministers]]<br />
[[Category:Canadian Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches Ministers]]<br />
[[Category:Mennonite Brethren Church of Manitoba Ministers]]<br />
[[Category:British Columbia Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches Ministers]]<br />
[[Category:College/University Faculty and Staff]]<br />
[[Category:Herbert Bible School Faculty and Staff]]<br />
[[Category:Virgil Bible School Faculty and Staff]]<br />
[[Category:Columbia Bible College Faculty and Staff]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Mennonite_Brethren_Bible_Institute_of_Ontario_(Kitchener,_Ontario,_Canada)&diff=178182Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)2024-01-24T21:48:36Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
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__FORCETOC__<br />
__TOC__<br />
[[File:MBBI Kitchener (NP149-01-5773).jpg|400px|thumb|right|''Students and teachers for the first year that the school operated in Kitchener. Teachers (l-r) J.J. Toews, I.T. Ewert, principal, J. Hamm, and A.J. Block are standing in the back row. <br>Photo: Centre for MB Studies (NP149-1-5773)''.]]<br />
Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (commonly referred to as the Ontario MB Conference Bible School) traces its beginnings to the Niagara Peninsula, where it became known as the [[Virgil Bible School (Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada)|Virgil Bible School]], which functioned under that name 1938-1955, when the school was moved to Kitchener. The school met in [[Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)|Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church’s]] new education wing, beginning in October 1955. In 1957 $1,000 rent was paid to the church for the use of the facilities including all utilities. Meals were cooked in the new Education wing’s kitchen, and served in the adjoining auditorium. Students lived in the homes of members of the Kitchener church.<br />
<br />
The school offered a two year program that was geared to Bible study and the practical application of that study. Courses included music theory, history and conducting, missions, Christian education, youth work, practical theology, doctrine, history, homiletics and language.<br />
<br />
Activities of the students included visits to the churches by groups, choirs and special speakers; and service in institutions.<br />
<br />
The Bible School Board of the [[Ontario Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches|Ontario MB Conference]] oversaw the finances and made the major decisions, the most difficult one being the decision to discontinue the school in 1964, due to the decline in enrollment. Beginning in 1965 the Ontario MB Conference advised its students to attend one of the Mennonite Brethren Bible institutes in western Canada, choosing either the one in [[Columbia Bible College (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|Clearbrook]], [[Bethany College (Hepburn, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hepburn]] or [[Winkler Bible Institute (Winkler, Manitoba, Canada)|Winkler]], and paid these institutions a subsidy on a per student basis. During the restructuring of the Ontario MB Conference in 1968, the Bible School Board was renamed a Committee and placed under the administration of the Board of Education. The Bible School Committee continued to exist in the 1980s.<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
[https://cmbs.mennonitebrethren.ca/inst_records/mennonite-brethren-bible-institute-of-ontario-kitchener-on/ Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario fonds]. 1955-1964. Centre for Mennonite Brethren Studies (Winnipeg).<br />
<br />
= Additional Information =<br />
=== Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario staff and faculty: 1955-1964 ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! School year<br />
! Staff & faculty<br />
|- <br />
| 1955-1956<br />
| | Isaac T. Ewert (principal), [[Block, Abram J. (1905-1982)|Abram J. Block]], [[Toews, Jacob John "J. J." (1914-1995)|J. J. Toews]], Jacob Hamm (until Feb.10), [[Goerzen, Henry (1931-2012)|Henry Goerzen]] (after Feb. 10), P. Siemens (part-time);cooks: [[Thielman, Henry G. (1904-1985)|Mrs. Lydia Thielman]] and Miss Clara Reimer<br />
|- <br />
| 1956-1957<br />
| | Isaac T. Ewert (principal),Abram J. Block, [[Wall, John (1923-2014)|John Wall]] (choir director); cooks: Mrs. Lydia Thielman and Miss E. Musselman<br />
|- <br />
| 1957-1958<br />
| | [[Kornelson, Wilmer (1928-2017)|Wilmer Kornelson]] (principal), [[Warkentin, Henry (1923-2017)|Henry Warkentin]], Corny Braun, Katie Epp, John Goertz (choir director); cook: Mrs. Anna Loewen<br />
|-<br />
|1958-1959<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Henry Warkentin, John B. Epp, Katie Epp, Henry Esau ; cook: Miss Hulda Neumann<br />
|-<br />
|1959-1960<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Walter Wiebe, Henry Esau,Elizabeth Esau. Cooks: Miss Hilda Neuman, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1960-1961<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Walter Wiebe, [[Boldt, Edward (1929-2017)|Edward Boldt]], Mrs. William Baerg (music theory). Cooks: Mrs. S. Corban, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1961-1962<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), [[Boldt, John (1918-1980)|John Boldt]], Paul Unger. Cooks: Mrs. S. Corban, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1962-1963<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), John Boldt, Paul Unger. Cook: Miss Hulda Neumann<br />
|-<br />
|1963-1964<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), John Boldt, Paul Unger<br />
|}<br />
<br />
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{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=24 January 1924|a1_last=Redekopp|a1_first=Alf|a2_last=|a2_first=}}<br />
[[Category:Bible Schools]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Mennonite_Brethren_Bible_Institute_of_Ontario_(Kitchener,_Ontario,_Canada)&diff=178181Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)2024-01-24T21:47:48Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
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<div><!-- Force the table of contents to appear first --><br />
__FORCETOC__<br />
__TOC__<br />
[[File:MBBI Kitchener (NP149-01-5773).jpg|400px|thumb|right|''Students and teachers for the first year that the school operated in Kitchener. Teachers (l-r) J.J. Toews, I.T. Ewert, principal, J. Hamm, and A.J. Block are standing in the back row. <br>Photo: Centre for MB Studies (NP149-1-5773)''.>]]<br />
Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (commonly referred to as the Ontario MB Conference Bible School) traces its beginnings to the Niagara Peninsula, where it became known as the [[Virgil Bible School (Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada)|Virgil Bible School]], which functioned under that name 1938-1955, when the school was moved to Kitchener. The school met in [[Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)|Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church’s]] new education wing, beginning in October 1955. In 1957 $1,000 rent was paid to the church for the use of the facilities including all utilities. Meals were cooked in the new Education wing’s kitchen, and served in the adjoining auditorium. Students lived in the homes of members of the Kitchener church.<br />
<br />
The school offered a two year program that was geared to Bible study and the practical application of that study. Courses included music theory, history and conducting, missions, Christian education, youth work, practical theology, doctrine, history, homiletics and language.<br />
<br />
Activities of the students included visits to the churches by groups, choirs and special speakers; and service in institutions.<br />
<br />
The Bible School Board of the [[Ontario Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches|Ontario MB Conference]] oversaw the finances and made the major decisions, the most difficult one being the decision to discontinue the school in 1964, due to the decline in enrollment. Beginning in 1965 the Ontario MB Conference advised its students to attend one of the Mennonite Brethren Bible institutes in western Canada, choosing either the one in [[Columbia Bible College (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|Clearbrook]], [[Bethany College (Hepburn, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hepburn]] or [[Winkler Bible Institute (Winkler, Manitoba, Canada)|Winkler]], and paid these institutions a subsidy on a per student basis. During the restructuring of the Ontario MB Conference in 1968, the Bible School Board was renamed a Committee and placed under the administration of the Board of Education. The Bible School Committee continued to exist in the 1980s.<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
[https://cmbs.mennonitebrethren.ca/inst_records/mennonite-brethren-bible-institute-of-ontario-kitchener-on/ Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario fonds]. 1955-1964. Centre for Mennonite Brethren Studies (Winnipeg).<br />
<br />
= Additional Information =<br />
=== Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario staff and faculty: 1955-1964 ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! School year<br />
! Staff & faculty<br />
|- <br />
| 1955-1956<br />
| | Isaac T. Ewert (principal), [[Block, Abram J. (1905-1982)|Abram J. Block]], [[Toews, Jacob John "J. J." (1914-1995)|J. J. Toews]], Jacob Hamm (until Feb.10), [[Goerzen, Henry (1931-2012)|Henry Goerzen]] (after Feb. 10), P. Siemens (part-time);cooks: [[Thielman, Henry G. (1904-1985)|Mrs. Lydia Thielman]] and Miss Clara Reimer<br />
|- <br />
| 1956-1957<br />
| | Isaac T. Ewert (principal),Abram J. Block, [[Wall, John (1923-2014)|John Wall]] (choir director); cooks: Mrs. Lydia Thielman and Miss E. Musselman<br />
|- <br />
| 1957-1958<br />
| | [[Kornelson, Wilmer (1928-2017)|Wilmer Kornelson]] (principal), [[Warkentin, Henry (1923-2017)|Henry Warkentin]], Corny Braun, Katie Epp, John Goertz (choir director); cook: Mrs. Anna Loewen<br />
|-<br />
|1958-1959<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Henry Warkentin, John B. Epp, Katie Epp, Henry Esau ; cook: Miss Hulda Neumann<br />
|-<br />
|1959-1960<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Walter Wiebe, Henry Esau,Elizabeth Esau. Cooks: Miss Hilda Neuman, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1960-1961<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Walter Wiebe, [[Boldt, Edward (1929-2017)|Edward Boldt]], Mrs. William Baerg (music theory). Cooks: Mrs. S. Corban, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1961-1962<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), [[Boldt, John (1918-1980)|John Boldt]], Paul Unger. Cooks: Mrs. S. Corban, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1962-1963<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), John Boldt, Paul Unger. Cook: Miss Hulda Neumann<br />
|-<br />
|1963-1964<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), John Boldt, Paul Unger<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<!-- Fill out fields as needed (replace UPPERCASE text) --><br />
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=24 January 1924|a1_last=Redekopp|a1_first=Alf|a2_last=|a2_first=}}<br />
[[Category:Bible Schools]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=File:MBBI_Kitchener_(NP149-01-5773).jpg&diff=178180File:MBBI Kitchener (NP149-01-5773).jpg2024-01-24T21:45:17Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
<hr />
<div>Students and teachers</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Mennonite_Brethren_Bible_Institute_of_Ontario_(Kitchener,_Ontario,_Canada)&diff=178179Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)2024-01-24T21:33:24Z<p>AlfRedekopp: /* Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario staff and faculty: 1955-1964 */</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- Force the table of contents to appear first --><br />
__FORCETOC__<br />
__TOC__<br />
Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (commonly referred to as the Ontario MB Conference Bible School) traces its beginnings to the Niagara Peninsula, where it became known as the [[Virgil Bible School (Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada)|Virgil Bible School]], which functioned under that name 1938-1955, when the school was moved to Kitchener. The school met in [[Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)|Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church’s]] new education wing, beginning in October 1955. In 1957 $1,000 rent was paid to the church for the use of the facilities including all utilities. Meals were cooked in the new Education wing’s kitchen, and served in the adjoining auditorium. Students lived in the homes of members of the Kitchener church.<br />
<br />
The school offered a two year program that was geared to Bible study and the practical application of that study. Courses included music theory, history and conducting, missions, Christian education, youth work, practical theology, doctrine, history, homiletics and language.<br />
<br />
Activities of the students included visits to the churches by groups, choirs and special speakers; and service in institutions.<br />
<br />
The Bible School Board of the [[Ontario Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches|Ontario MB Conference]] oversaw the finances and made the major decisions, the most difficult one being the decision to discontinue the school in 1964, due to the decline in enrollment. Beginning in 1965 the Ontario MB Conference advised its students to attend one of the Mennonite Brethren Bible institutes in western Canada, choosing either the one in [[Columbia Bible College (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|Clearbrook]], [[Bethany College (Hepburn, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hepburn]] or [[Winkler Bible Institute (Winkler, Manitoba, Canada)|Winkler]], and paid these institutions a subsidy on a per student basis. During the restructuring of the Ontario MB Conference in 1968, the Bible School Board was renamed a Committee and placed under the administration of the Board of Education. The Bible School Committee continued to exist in the 1980s.<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
[https://cmbs.mennonitebrethren.ca/inst_records/mennonite-brethren-bible-institute-of-ontario-kitchener-on/ Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario fonds]. 1955-1964. Centre for Mennonite Brethren Studies (Winnipeg).<br />
<br />
= Additional Information =<br />
=== Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario staff and faculty: 1955-1964 ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! School year<br />
! Staff & faculty<br />
|- <br />
| 1955-1956<br />
| | Isaac T. Ewert (principal), [[Block, Abram J. (1905-1982)|Abram J. Block]], [[Toews, Jacob John "J. J." (1914-1995)|J. J. Toews]], Jacob Hamm (until Feb.10), [[Goerzen, Henry (1931-2012)|Henry Goerzen]] (after Feb. 10), P. Siemens (part-time);cooks: [[Thielman, Henry G. (1904-1985)|Mrs. Lydia Thielman]] and Miss Clara Reimer<br />
|- <br />
| 1956-1957<br />
| | Isaac T. Ewert (principal),Abram J. Block, [[Wall, John (1923-2014)|John Wall]] (choir director); cooks: Mrs. Lydia Thielman and Miss E. Musselman<br />
|- <br />
| 1957-1958<br />
| | [[Kornelson, Wilmer (1928-2017)|Wilmer Kornelson]] (principal), [[Warkentin, Henry (1923-2017)|Henry Warkentin]], Corny Braun, Katie Epp, John Goertz (choir director); cook: Mrs. Anna Loewen<br />
|-<br />
|1958-1959<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Henry Warkentin, John B. Epp, Katie Epp, Henry Esau ; cook: Miss Hulda Neumann<br />
|-<br />
|1959-1960<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Walter Wiebe, Henry Esau,Elizabeth Esau. Cooks: Miss Hilda Neuman, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1960-1961<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Walter Wiebe, [[Boldt, Edward (1929-2017)|Edward Boldt]], Mrs. William Baerg (music theory). Cooks: Mrs. S. Corban, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1961-1962<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), [[Boldt, John (1918-1980)|John Boldt]], Paul Unger. Cooks: Mrs. S. Corban, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1962-1963<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), John Boldt, Paul Unger. Cook: Miss Hulda Neumann<br />
|-<br />
|1963-1964<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), John Boldt, Paul Unger<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<!-- Fill out fields as needed (replace UPPERCASE text) --><br />
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=24 January 1924|a1_last=Redekopp|a1_first=Alf|a2_last=|a2_first=}}<br />
[[Category:Bible Schools]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Mennonite_Brethren_Bible_Institute_of_Ontario_(Kitchener,_Ontario,_Canada)&diff=178178Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)2024-01-24T21:29:04Z<p>AlfRedekopp: /* Additional Information */</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- Force the table of contents to appear first --><br />
__FORCETOC__<br />
__TOC__<br />
Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (commonly referred to as the Ontario MB Conference Bible School) traces its beginnings to the Niagara Peninsula, where it became known as the [[Virgil Bible School (Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada)|Virgil Bible School]], which functioned under that name 1938-1955, when the school was moved to Kitchener. The school met in [[Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)|Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church’s]] new education wing, beginning in October 1955. In 1957 $1,000 rent was paid to the church for the use of the facilities including all utilities. Meals were cooked in the new Education wing’s kitchen, and served in the adjoining auditorium. Students lived in the homes of members of the Kitchener church.<br />
<br />
The school offered a two year program that was geared to Bible study and the practical application of that study. Courses included music theory, history and conducting, missions, Christian education, youth work, practical theology, doctrine, history, homiletics and language.<br />
<br />
Activities of the students included visits to the churches by groups, choirs and special speakers; and service in institutions.<br />
<br />
The Bible School Board of the [[Ontario Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches|Ontario MB Conference]] oversaw the finances and made the major decisions, the most difficult one being the decision to discontinue the school in 1964, due to the decline in enrollment. Beginning in 1965 the Ontario MB Conference advised its students to attend one of the Mennonite Brethren Bible institutes in western Canada, choosing either the one in [[Columbia Bible College (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|Clearbrook]], [[Bethany College (Hepburn, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hepburn]] or [[Winkler Bible Institute (Winkler, Manitoba, Canada)|Winkler]], and paid these institutions a subsidy on a per student basis. During the restructuring of the Ontario MB Conference in 1968, the Bible School Board was renamed a Committee and placed under the administration of the Board of Education. The Bible School Committee continued to exist in the 1980s.<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
[https://cmbs.mennonitebrethren.ca/inst_records/mennonite-brethren-bible-institute-of-ontario-kitchener-on/ Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario fonds]. 1955-1964. Centre for Mennonite Brethren Studies (Winnipeg).<br />
<br />
= Additional Information =<br />
=== Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario staff and faculty: 1955-1964 ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! School year<br />
! Staff & faculty<br />
|- <br />
| 1955-1956<br />
| | Isaac T. Ewert (principal), [[Block, Abram J. (1905-1982)|Abram J. Block]], [[Toews, Jacob John "J. J." (1914-1995)|J. J. Toews]], Jacob Hamm (until Feb.10), [[Goerzen, Henry (1931-2012)|Henry Goerzen]] (after Feb. 10), P. Siemens (part-time);cooks: [[Thielman, Henry G. (1904-1985)|Mrs. Lydia Thielman]] and Miss Clara Reimer<br />
|- <br />
| 1956-1957<br />
| | Isaac T. Ewert (principal),Abram J. Block, [[Wall, John (1923-2014)|John Wall]] (choir director); cooks: Mrs. Lydia Thielman and Miss E. Musselman<br />
|- <br />
| 1957-1958<br />
| | [[Kornelson, Wilmer (1928-2017)|Wilmer Kornelson]] (principal), [[Warkentin, Henry (1923-2017)|Henry Warkentin]], Corny Braun, Katie Epp, John Goertz (choir director); cook: Mrs. Anna Loewen<br />
|-<br />
|1958-1959<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Henry Warkentin, John B. Epp, Katie Epp, Henry Esau ; cook: Miss Hulda Neumann<br />
|-<br />
|1959-1960<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Walter Wiebe, Henry Esau,Elizabeth Esau. Cooks: Miss Hilda Neuman, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1960-1961<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Walter Wiebe, Edward Boldt, Mrs. William Baerg (music theory). Cooks: Mrs. S. Corban, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1961-1962<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), John Boldt, Paul Unger. Cooks: Mrs. S. Corban, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1962-1963<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), John Boldt, Paul Unger. Cook: Miss Hulda Neumann<br />
|-<br />
|1963-1964<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), John Boldt, Paul Unger<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<!-- Fill out fields as needed (replace UPPERCASE text) --><br />
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=24 January 1924|a1_last=Redekopp|a1_first=Alf|a2_last=|a2_first=}}<br />
[[Category:Bible Schools]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Mennonite_Brethren_Bible_Institute_of_Ontario_(Kitchener,_Ontario,_Canada)&diff=178177Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)2024-01-24T21:27:10Z<p>AlfRedekopp: /* Additional Information */</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- Force the table of contents to appear first --><br />
__FORCETOC__<br />
__TOC__<br />
Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (commonly referred to as the Ontario MB Conference Bible School) traces its beginnings to the Niagara Peninsula, where it became known as the [[Virgil Bible School (Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada)|Virgil Bible School]], which functioned under that name 1938-1955, when the school was moved to Kitchener. The school met in [[Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)|Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church’s]] new education wing, beginning in October 1955. In 1957 $1,000 rent was paid to the church for the use of the facilities including all utilities. Meals were cooked in the new Education wing’s kitchen, and served in the adjoining auditorium. Students lived in the homes of members of the Kitchener church.<br />
<br />
The school offered a two year program that was geared to Bible study and the practical application of that study. Courses included music theory, history and conducting, missions, Christian education, youth work, practical theology, doctrine, history, homiletics and language.<br />
<br />
Activities of the students included visits to the churches by groups, choirs and special speakers; and service in institutions.<br />
<br />
The Bible School Board of the [[Ontario Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches|Ontario MB Conference]] oversaw the finances and made the major decisions, the most difficult one being the decision to discontinue the school in 1964, due to the decline in enrollment. Beginning in 1965 the Ontario MB Conference advised its students to attend one of the Mennonite Brethren Bible institutes in western Canada, choosing either the one in [[Columbia Bible College (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|Clearbrook]], [[Bethany College (Hepburn, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hepburn]] or [[Winkler Bible Institute (Winkler, Manitoba, Canada)|Winkler]], and paid these institutions a subsidy on a per student basis. During the restructuring of the Ontario MB Conference in 1968, the Bible School Board was renamed a Committee and placed under the administration of the Board of Education. The Bible School Committee continued to exist in the 1980s.<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
[https://cmbs.mennonitebrethren.ca/inst_records/mennonite-brethren-bible-institute-of-ontario-kitchener-on/ Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario fonds]. 1955-1964. Centre for Mennonite Brethren Studies (Winnipeg).<br />
<br />
= Additional Information =<br />
=== Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario staff and faculty: 1955-1964 ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! School year<br />
! Staff & faculty<br />
|- <br />
| 1955-1956<br />
| | Isaac T. Ewert (principal), [[Block, Abram J. (1905-1982)|Abram J. Block]], [[Toews, Jacob John "J. J." (1914-1995)|J. J. Toews]], Jacob Hamm (until Feb.10), [[Goerzen, Henry (1931-2012)|Henry Goerzen]] (after Feb. 10), P. Siemens (part-time);cooks: [[Thielman, Henry G. (1904-1985)|Mrs. Lydia Thielman]] and Miss Clara Reimer<br />
|- <br />
| 1956-1957<br />
| | Isaac T. Ewert (principal),Abram J. Block, John Wall (choir director); cooks: Mrs. Lydia Thielman and Miss E. Musselman<br />
|- <br />
| 1957-1958<br />
| | Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Henry Warkentin, Corny Braun, Katie Epp, John Goertz (choir director); cook: Mrs. Anna Loewen<br />
|-<br />
|1958-1959<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Henry Warkentin, John B. Epp, Katie Epp, Henry Esau ; cook: Miss Hulda Neumann<br />
|-<br />
|1959-1960<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Walter Wiebe, Henry Esau,Elizabeth Esau. Cooks: Miss Hilda Neuman, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1960-1961<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Walter Wiebe, Edward Boldt, Mrs. William Baerg (music theory). Cooks: Mrs. S. Corban, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1961-1962<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), John Boldt, Paul Unger. Cooks: Mrs. S. Corban, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1962-1963<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), John Boldt, Paul Unger. Cook: Miss Hulda Neumann<br />
|-<br />
|1963-1964<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), John Boldt, Paul Unger<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<!-- Fill out fields as needed (replace UPPERCASE text) --><br />
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=24 January 1924|a1_last=Redekopp|a1_first=Alf|a2_last=|a2_first=}}<br />
[[Category:Bible Schools]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Mennonite_Brethren_Bible_Institute_of_Ontario_(Kitchener,_Ontario,_Canada)&diff=178176Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)2024-01-24T21:24:50Z<p>AlfRedekopp: /* Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario staff and faculty: 1955-1964 */</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- Force the table of contents to appear first --><br />
__FORCETOC__<br />
__TOC__<br />
Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (commonly referred to as the Ontario MB Conference Bible School) traces its beginnings to the Niagara Peninsula, where it became known as the [[Virgil Bible School (Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada)|Virgil Bible School]], which functioned under that name 1938-1955, when the school was moved to Kitchener. The school met in [[Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)|Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church’s]] new education wing, beginning in October 1955. In 1957 $1,000 rent was paid to the church for the use of the facilities including all utilities. Meals were cooked in the new Education wing’s kitchen, and served in the adjoining auditorium. Students lived in the homes of members of the Kitchener church.<br />
<br />
The school offered a two year program that was geared to Bible study and the practical application of that study. Courses included music theory, history and conducting, missions, Christian education, youth work, practical theology, doctrine, history, homiletics and language.<br />
<br />
Activities of the students included visits to the churches by groups, choirs and special speakers; and service in institutions.<br />
<br />
The Bible School Board of the [[Ontario Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches|Ontario MB Conference]] oversaw the finances and made the major decisions, the most difficult one being the decision to discontinue the school in 1964, due to the decline in enrollment. Beginning in 1965 the Ontario MB Conference advised its students to attend one of the Mennonite Brethren Bible institutes in western Canada, choosing either the one in [[Columbia Bible College (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|Clearbrook]], [[Bethany College (Hepburn, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hepburn]] or [[Winkler Bible Institute (Winkler, Manitoba, Canada)|Winkler]], and paid these institutions a subsidy on a per student basis. During the restructuring of the Ontario MB Conference in 1968, the Bible School Board was renamed a Committee and placed under the administration of the Board of Education. The Bible School Committee continued to exist in the 1980s.<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
[https://cmbs.mennonitebrethren.ca/inst_records/mennonite-brethren-bible-institute-of-ontario-kitchener-on/ Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario fonds]. 1955-1964. Centre for Mennonite Brethren Studies (Winnipeg).<br />
<br />
= Additional Information =<br />
=== Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario staff and faculty: 1955-1964 ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! School year<br />
! Staff & faculty<br />
|- <br />
| 1955-1956<br />
| | Isaac T. Ewert (principal), Abram J. Block, J. J. Toews, Jacob Hamm (until Feb.10), Henry Goerzen (after Feb. 10), P. Siemens (part-time);cooks: Mrs. Lydia Thielman and Miss Clara Reimer<br />
|- <br />
| 1956-1957<br />
| | Isaac T. Ewert (principal),Abram J. Block, John Wall (choir director); cooks: Mrs. Lydia Thielman and Miss E. Musselman<br />
|- <br />
| 1957-1958<br />
| | Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Henry Warkentin, Corny Braun, Katie Epp, John Goertz (choir director); cook: Mrs. Anna Loewen<br />
|-<br />
|1958-1959<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Henry Warkentin, John B. Epp, Katie Epp, Henry Esau ; cook: Miss Hulda Neumann<br />
|-<br />
|1959-1960<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Walter Wiebe, Henry Esau,Elizabeth Esau. Cooks: Miss Hilda Neuman, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1960-1961<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Walter Wiebe, Edward Boldt, Mrs. William Baerg (music theory). Cooks: Mrs. S. Corban, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1961-1962<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), John Boldt, Paul Unger. Cooks: Mrs. S. Corban, Mrs. Margarete Neufeld<br />
|-<br />
|1962-1963<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), John Boldt, Paul Unger. Cook: Miss Hulda Neumann<br />
|-<br />
|1963-1964<br />
|Wilmer Kornelson (principal), John Boldt, Paul Unger<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<!-- Fill out fields as needed (replace UPPERCASE text) --><br />
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=24 January 1924|a1_last=Redekopp|a1_first=Alf|a2_last=|a2_first=}}<br />
[[Category:Bible Schools]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Mennonite_Brethren_Bible_Institute_of_Ontario_(Kitchener,_Ontario,_Canada)&diff=178175Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)2024-01-24T21:19:47Z<p>AlfRedekopp: /* Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario staff and faculty: 1955-1964 */</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- Force the table of contents to appear first --><br />
__FORCETOC__<br />
__TOC__<br />
Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (commonly referred to as the Ontario MB Conference Bible School) traces its beginnings to the Niagara Peninsula, where it became known as the [[Virgil Bible School (Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada)|Virgil Bible School]], which functioned under that name 1938-1955, when the school was moved to Kitchener. The school met in [[Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)|Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church’s]] new education wing, beginning in October 1955. In 1957 $1,000 rent was paid to the church for the use of the facilities including all utilities. Meals were cooked in the new Education wing’s kitchen, and served in the adjoining auditorium. Students lived in the homes of members of the Kitchener church.<br />
<br />
The school offered a two year program that was geared to Bible study and the practical application of that study. Courses included music theory, history and conducting, missions, Christian education, youth work, practical theology, doctrine, history, homiletics and language.<br />
<br />
Activities of the students included visits to the churches by groups, choirs and special speakers; and service in institutions.<br />
<br />
The Bible School Board of the [[Ontario Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches|Ontario MB Conference]] oversaw the finances and made the major decisions, the most difficult one being the decision to discontinue the school in 1964, due to the decline in enrollment. Beginning in 1965 the Ontario MB Conference advised its students to attend one of the Mennonite Brethren Bible institutes in western Canada, choosing either the one in [[Columbia Bible College (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|Clearbrook]], [[Bethany College (Hepburn, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hepburn]] or [[Winkler Bible Institute (Winkler, Manitoba, Canada)|Winkler]], and paid these institutions a subsidy on a per student basis. During the restructuring of the Ontario MB Conference in 1968, the Bible School Board was renamed a Committee and placed under the administration of the Board of Education. The Bible School Committee continued to exist in the 1980s.<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
[https://cmbs.mennonitebrethren.ca/inst_records/mennonite-brethren-bible-institute-of-ontario-kitchener-on/ Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario fonds]. 1955-1964. Centre for Mennonite Brethren Studies (Winnipeg).<br />
<br />
= Additional Information =<br />
=== Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario staff and faculty: 1955-1964 ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! School year<br />
! Staff & faculty<br />
|- <br />
| 1955-1956<br />
| | Isaac T. Ewert (principal), Abram J. Block, J. J. Toews, Jacob Hamm (until Feb.10), Henry Goerzen (after Feb. 10), P. Siemens (part-time);cooks: Mrs. Lydia Thielman and Miss Clara Reimer<br />
|- <br />
| 1956-1957<br />
| | Isaac T. Ewert (principal),Abram J. Block, John Wall (choir director); cooks: Mrs. Lydia Thielman and Miss E. Musselman<br />
|- <br />
| 1957-1958<br />
| | Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Henry Warkentin, Corny Braun, Katie Epp, John Goertz (choir director); cook: Mrs. Anna Loewen<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<!-- Fill out fields as needed (replace UPPERCASE text) --><br />
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=24 January 1924|a1_last=Redekopp|a1_first=Alf|a2_last=|a2_first=}}<br />
[[Category:Bible Schools]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Mennonite_Brethren_Bible_Institute_of_Ontario_(Kitchener,_Ontario,_Canada)&diff=178174Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)2024-01-24T21:18:34Z<p>AlfRedekopp: /* Additional Information */</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- Force the table of contents to appear first --><br />
__FORCETOC__<br />
__TOC__<br />
Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (commonly referred to as the Ontario MB Conference Bible School) traces its beginnings to the Niagara Peninsula, where it became known as the [[Virgil Bible School (Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada)|Virgil Bible School]], which functioned under that name 1938-1955, when the school was moved to Kitchener. The school met in [[Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)|Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church’s]] new education wing, beginning in October 1955. In 1957 $1,000 rent was paid to the church for the use of the facilities including all utilities. Meals were cooked in the new Education wing’s kitchen, and served in the adjoining auditorium. Students lived in the homes of members of the Kitchener church.<br />
<br />
The school offered a two year program that was geared to Bible study and the practical application of that study. Courses included music theory, history and conducting, missions, Christian education, youth work, practical theology, doctrine, history, homiletics and language.<br />
<br />
Activities of the students included visits to the churches by groups, choirs and special speakers; and service in institutions.<br />
<br />
The Bible School Board of the [[Ontario Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches|Ontario MB Conference]] oversaw the finances and made the major decisions, the most difficult one being the decision to discontinue the school in 1964, due to the decline in enrollment. Beginning in 1965 the Ontario MB Conference advised its students to attend one of the Mennonite Brethren Bible institutes in western Canada, choosing either the one in [[Columbia Bible College (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|Clearbrook]], [[Bethany College (Hepburn, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hepburn]] or [[Winkler Bible Institute (Winkler, Manitoba, Canada)|Winkler]], and paid these institutions a subsidy on a per student basis. During the restructuring of the Ontario MB Conference in 1968, the Bible School Board was renamed a Committee and placed under the administration of the Board of Education. The Bible School Committee continued to exist in the 1980s.<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
[https://cmbs.mennonitebrethren.ca/inst_records/mennonite-brethren-bible-institute-of-ontario-kitchener-on/ Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario fonds]. 1955-1964. Centre for Mennonite Brethren Studies (Winnipeg).<br />
<br />
= Additional Information =<br />
=== Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario staff and faculty: 1955-1964 ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! School year<br />
! Staff & faculty<br />
|- <br />
| 1955-1956<br />
| align="right" | Isaac T. Ewert (principal), Abram J. Block, J. J. Toews, Jacob Hamm (until Feb.10), Henry Goerzen (after Feb. 10), P. Siemens (part-time);cooks: Mrs. Lydia Thielman and Miss Clara Reimer<br />
|- <br />
| 1956-1957<br />
| align="right" | Isaac T. Ewert (principal),Abram J. Block, John Wall (choir director); cooks: Mrs. Lydia Thielman and Miss E. Musselman<br />
|- <br />
| 1957-1958<br />
| align="right" | Wilmer Kornelson (principal), Henry Warkentin, Corny Braun, Katie Epp, John Goertz (choir director); cook: Mrs. Anna Loewen<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<!-- Fill out fields as needed (replace UPPERCASE text) --><br />
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=24 January 1924|a1_last=Redekopp|a1_first=Alf|a2_last=|a2_first=}}<br />
[[Category:Bible Schools]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Mennonite_Brethren_Bible_Institute_of_Ontario_(Kitchener,_Ontario,_Canada)&diff=178173Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)2024-01-24T21:15:50Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
<hr />
<div><!-- Force the table of contents to appear first --><br />
__FORCETOC__<br />
__TOC__<br />
Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (commonly referred to as the Ontario MB Conference Bible School) traces its beginnings to the Niagara Peninsula, where it became known as the [[Virgil Bible School (Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada)|Virgil Bible School]], which functioned under that name 1938-1955, when the school was moved to Kitchener. The school met in [[Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)|Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church’s]] new education wing, beginning in October 1955. In 1957 $1,000 rent was paid to the church for the use of the facilities including all utilities. Meals were cooked in the new Education wing’s kitchen, and served in the adjoining auditorium. Students lived in the homes of members of the Kitchener church.<br />
<br />
The school offered a two year program that was geared to Bible study and the practical application of that study. Courses included music theory, history and conducting, missions, Christian education, youth work, practical theology, doctrine, history, homiletics and language.<br />
<br />
Activities of the students included visits to the churches by groups, choirs and special speakers; and service in institutions.<br />
<br />
The Bible School Board of the [[Ontario Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches|Ontario MB Conference]] oversaw the finances and made the major decisions, the most difficult one being the decision to discontinue the school in 1964, due to the decline in enrollment. Beginning in 1965 the Ontario MB Conference advised its students to attend one of the Mennonite Brethren Bible institutes in western Canada, choosing either the one in [[Columbia Bible College (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|Clearbrook]], [[Bethany College (Hepburn, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hepburn]] or [[Winkler Bible Institute (Winkler, Manitoba, Canada)|Winkler]], and paid these institutions a subsidy on a per student basis. During the restructuring of the Ontario MB Conference in 1968, the Bible School Board was renamed a Committee and placed under the administration of the Board of Education. The Bible School Committee continued to exist in the 1980s.<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
[https://cmbs.mennonitebrethren.ca/inst_records/mennonite-brethren-bible-institute-of-ontario-kitchener-on/ Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario fonds]. 1955-1964. Centre for Mennonite Brethren Studies (Winnipeg).<br />
<br />
= Additional Information =<br />
=== Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario staff and faculty: 1955-1964 ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! President<br />
! Years<br />
|- <br />
| [[Toews, Peter Reginald "P. R." (1916-2005)|Peter R. Toews]]<br />
| align="right" | 1970-1977<br />
|- <br />
| Samuel J. Mikolaski<br />
| align="right" | 1977<br />
|- <br />
| Steve A. Brown<br />
| align="right" | 2024-present<br />
|}<br />
<br />
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{{GAMEO_footer|hp=|date=24 January 1924|a1_last=Redekopp|a1_first=Alf|a2_last=|a2_first=}}<br />
[[Category:Bible Schools]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Mennonite_Brethren_Bible_Institute_of_Ontario_(Kitchener,_Ontario,_Canada)&diff=178172Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)2024-01-24T21:11:10Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
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Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (commonly referred to as the Ontario MB Conference Bible School) traces its beginnings to the Niagara Peninsula, where it became known as the [[Virgil Bible School (Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada)|Virgil Bible School]], which functioned under that name 1938-1955, when the school was moved to Kitchener. The school met in [[Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)|Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church’s]] new education wing, beginning in October 1955. In 1957 $1,000 rent was paid to the church for the use of the facilities including all utilities. Meals were cooked in the new Education wing’s kitchen, and served in the adjoining auditorium. Students lived in the homes of members of the Kitchener church.<br />
<br />
The school offered a two year program that was geared to Bible study and the practical application of that study. Courses included music theory, history and conducting, missions, Christian education, youth work, practical theology, doctrine, history, homiletics and language.<br />
<br />
Activities of the students included visits to the churches by groups, choirs and special speakers; and service in institutions.<br />
<br />
The Bible School Board of the [[Ontario Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches|Ontario MB Conference]] oversaw the finances and made the major decisions, the most difficult one being the decision to discontinue the school in 1964, due to the decline in enrollment. Beginning in 1965 the Ontario MB Conference advised its students to attend one of the Mennonite Brethren Bible institutes in western Canada, choosing either the one in [[Columbia Bible College (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|Clearbrook]], [[Bethany College (Hepburn, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hepburn]] or [[Winkler Bible Institute (Winkler, Manitoba, Canada)|Winkler]], and paid these institutions a subsidy on a per student basis. During the restructuring of the Ontario MB Conference in 1968, the Bible School Board was renamed a Committee and placed under the administration of the Board of Education. The Bible School Committee continued to exist in the 1980s.<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
[https://cmbs.mennonitebrethren.ca/inst_records/mennonite-brethren-bible-institute-of-ontario-kitchener-on/ Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario fonds]. 1955-1964. Centre for Mennonite Brethren Studies (Winnipeg).<br />
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= Additional Information =<br />
=== Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario staff and faculty: 1955-1964 ===<br />
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[[Category:Bible Schools]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Virgil_Bible_School_(Niagara-on-the-Lake,_Ontario,_Canada)&diff=178171Virgil Bible School (Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada)2024-01-24T21:01:53Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
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<div>[[File:VirgilBibleSchool1949.jpg|350px|thumb|right|''Virgil Bible School, 1949<br /><br />
Creator: Henry J. Wiens (1885-1975)<br /><br />
Digitized by Hiebert Library. [http://callimachus.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15008coll27/id/84/rec/193 Center for Mennonite Brethren Studies].'']]<br />
The Virgil Bible School traces its beginning to the founding of the Virgil-Vineland Bible School Society in 1939 by the early [[Mennonite Brethren Church|Mennonite Brethren]] settlers in the Niagara Peninsula.<br />
<br />
A day school was first opened under the auspices of this society in Vineland on 22 November 1939 with [[Boldt, Bernhard B. (1894-1962)|Bernhard B. Boldt]] as the first instructor. A little later in that first year, the instruction was resumed by Rev. Isaac and Helene Ewert, who had begun an evening Bible School in Virgil the previous year. During the second year (1940-1941), [[Boldt, Bernhard B. (1894-1961)|Bernhard B. Boldt]] and [[Voth, Herman (1915-2010)| Herman Voth]] were engaged by the Bible School Society to teach in Virgil. During 1941-1942 the day classes had to be closed due to public opinion during World War II.<br />
<br />
The Evening Bible School first begun in Virgil in the Fall of 1938 under Isaac Ewert's leadership continued to function throughout the years 1938-1943. Isaac Ewert, [[Block, Abram J. (1905-1982)|Abram J. Block]] and Frank Schellenberg gave instruction at various times. On 22 April 1944 a Bible School Society was founded in consultation with the [[Cornerstone Community Church (Virgil, Ontario, Canada)|Virgil Mennonite Brethren Church]] with the intent of taking the responsibility of maintaining the Bible School with a broader scope. With increased interest and membership, the society was able to purchase a large, old building on a 9-acre estate a mile and half northeast of Virgil, known as Locust Grove. Here the program was expanded to a 3-year curriculum and a high school component (Grade 10 and 11) added in 1945. This was the beginning of the [[Eden High School (St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada)|Eden High School]] and the name of the school was changed to Eden Bible and High School in 1947. The ownership of the school was transferred to the [[Ontario Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches|Ontario Mennonite Brethren Conference]] in November 1948.<br />
<br />
Until 1955 the Bible school department continued to function alongside the high school department at the Eden site. For the 1955-56 school year, the Bible school department was transferred to the [[Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)|Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church]], where the school continued to function under the leadership of principal Wilmer Kornelson until it closed in 1964. The name changed to [[Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (Kitchener, Ontario)|Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario]] for these final years.<br />
<br />
Many of the students attending the school during this period did so as a time between high school and college or university. The Bible school played a significant role in consolidating and strengthening the spiritual lives of these young people, preparing them for service in the church and community in areas such as Christian Education and music.<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Boldt, Edward. <em class="gameo_bibliography">A history of the Ontario Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches 1957-1982.</em> Ontario Conference of M.B. Churches, 1982.<br />
<br />
<em class="gameo_bibliography">He leadeth: history of the M.B. Churches of Ontario 1924-1957.</em> Ontario: [The Conference], 1957?<br />
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[[Category:Bible Schools]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Mennonite_Brethren_Bible_Institute_of_Ontario_(Kitchener,_Ontario,_Canada)&diff=178170Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)2024-01-24T20:59:32Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
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Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (commonly referred to as the Ontario MB Conference Bible School) traces its beginnings to the Niagara Peninsula, where it became known as the [[Virgil Bible School (Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada)|Virgil Bible School]], which functioned under that name 1938-1955, when the school was moved to Kitchener. The school met in [[Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)|Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church’s]] new education wing, beginning in October 1955. In 1957 $1,000 rent was paid to the church for the use of the facilities including all utilities. Meals were cooked in the new Education wing’s kitchen, and served in the adjoining auditorium. Students lived in the homes of members of the Kitchener church.<br />
<br />
The school offered a two year program that was geared to Bible study and the practical application of that study. Courses included music theory, history and conducting, missions, Christian education, youth work, practical theology, doctrine, history, homiletics and language.<br />
<br />
Activities of the students included visits to the churches by groups, choirs and special speakers; and service in institutions.<br />
<br />
The Bible School Board of the [[Ontario Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches|Ontario MB Conference]] oversaw the finances and made the major decisions, the most difficult one being the decision to discontinue the school in 1964, due to the decline in enrollment. Beginning in 1965 the Ontario MB Conference advised its students to attend one of the Mennonite Brethren Bible institutes in western Canada, choosing either the one in [[Columbia Bible College (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|Clearbrook]], [[Bethany College (Hepburn, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hepburn]] or [[Winkler Bible Institute (Winkler, Manitoba, Canada)|Winkler]], and paid these institutions a subsidy on a per student basis. During the restructuring of the Ontario MB Conference in 1968, the Bible School Board was renamed a Committee and placed under the administration of the Board of Education. The Bible School Committee continued to exist in the 1980s.<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
[https://cmbs.mennonitebrethren.ca/inst_records/mennonite-brethren-bible-institute-of-ontario-kitchener-on/ Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario fonds]. 1955-1964. Centre for Mennonite Brethren Studies (Winnipeg).<br />
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[[Category:Bible Schools]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Mennonite_Brethren_Bible_Institute_of_Ontario_(Kitchener,_Ontario,_Canada)&diff=178169Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)2024-01-24T20:57:57Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
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Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (commonly referred to as the Ontario MB Conference Bible School) traces its beginnings to the Niagara Peninsula, where it became known as the [[Virgil Bible School (Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada)|Virgil Bible School]], which functioned under that name 1938-1955, when the school was moved to Kitchener. The school met in [[Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)|Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church’s]] new education wing, beginning in October 1955. In 1957 $1,000 rent was paid to the church for the use of the facilities including all utilities. Meals were cooked in the new Education wing’s kitchen, and served in the adjoining auditorium. Students lived in the homes of members of the Kitchener church.<br />
<br />
The school offered a two year program that was geared to Bible study and the practical application of that study. Courses included music theory, history and conducting, missions, Christian education, youth work, practical theology, doctrine, history, homiletics and language.<br />
<br />
Activities of the students included visits to the churches by groups, choirs and special speakers; and service in institutions.<br />
<br />
The Bible School Board of the [[Ontario Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches|Ontario MB Conference]] oversaw the finances and made the major decisions, the most difficult one being the decision to discontinue the school in 1964, due to the decline in enrollment. Beginning in 1965 the Ontario MB Conference advised its students to attend one of the Mennonite Brethren Bible institutes in western Canada, choosing either the one in [[Columbia Bible College (Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada)|Clearbrook]], [[Bethany College (Hepburn, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Hepburn]] or [[Winkler Bible Institute (Winkler, Manitoba, Canada)|Winkler]], and paid these institutions a subsidy on a per student basis. During the restructuring of the Ontario MB Conference in 1968, the Bible School Board was renamed a Committee and placed under the administration of the Board of Education. The Bible School Committee continued to exist in the 1980s.<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario fonds. 1955-1964. Centre for Mennonite Brethren Studies (Winnipeg).<br />
<br />
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[[Category:Bible Schools]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Mennonite_Brethren_Bible_Institute_of_Ontario_(Kitchener,_Ontario,_Canada)&diff=178168Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada)2024-01-24T20:54:33Z<p>AlfRedekopp: Created page with "<!-- Force the table of contents to appear first --> __FORCETOC__ __TOC__ Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (commonly referred to as the Ontario MB Conference Bibl..."</p>
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Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario (commonly referred to as the Ontario MB Conference Bible School) traces its beginnings to the Niagara Peninsula, where it became known as the Virgil Bible School, which functioned under that name 1938-1955, when the school was moved to Kitchener. The school met in Kitchener Mennonite Brethren Church’s new education wing, beginning in October 1955. In 1957 $1,000 rent was paid to the church for the use of the facilities including all utilities. Meals were cooked in the new Education wing’s kitchen, and served in the adjoining auditorium. Students lived in the homes of members of the Kitchener church.<br />
<br />
The school offered a two year program that was geared to Bible study and the practical application of that study. Courses included music theory, history and conducting, missions, Christian education, youth work, practical theology, doctrine, history, homiletics and language.<br />
<br />
Activities of the students included visits to the churches by groups, choirs and special speakers; and service in institutions.<br />
<br />
The Bible School Board of the Ontario MB Conference oversaw the finances and made the major decisions, the most difficult one being the decision to discontinue the school in 1964, due to the decline in enrollment. Beginning in 1965 the Ontario MB Conference advised its students to attend one of the Mennonite Brethren Bible institutes in western Canada, choosing either the one in Clearbrook, Hepburn or Winkler, and paid these institutions a subsidy on a per student basis. During the restructuring of the Ontario MB Conference in 1968, the Bible School Board was renamed a Committee and placed under the administration of the Board of Education. The Bible School Committee continued to exist in the 1980s.<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Mennonite Brethren Bible Institute of Ontario fonds. 1955-1964. Centre for Mennonite Brethren Studies (Winnipeg).<br />
<br />
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[[Category:Bible Schools]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Welcome_to_GAMEO&diff=178167Welcome to GAMEO2024-01-24T20:43:03Z<p>AlfRedekopp: /* Featured Article: "Wall, David (1927-2019)" */</p>
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</center></div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Wall,_David_(1927-2019)&diff=178166Wall, David (1927-2019)2024-01-24T20:40:42Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
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[[File:Dave Wall - 1960.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''David Wall, 1960. Photo: Courtesy of Randy Klaassen.'']]<br />
David Wall: businessman; born 15 December 1927 on a farm near Graysville, [[Manitoba (Canada)|Manitoba]] to Frank and Katharine (Schellenberg) Wall. David was the youngest of three children, brother Jack and sister Agnes. In 1950 he married Lillian Schmidt. They had one daughter; Sharon. After Lillian’s death he married Helen Durksen in 1965. They had a son; Richard. David died 2 November, 2019 in Niagara Falls, [[Ontario (Canada)|Ontario]]. <br />
<br />
In October of 1925 Frank and Katharine Wall departed the Mennonite Colony of [[Molotschna Mennonite Settlement (Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine)|Molotschna]], and sailed with the SS Montnairn to Quebec City, Canada. The family settled on a farm near Graysville. In April of 1936 the family moved to Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario where they were active with the [[Niagara United Mennonite Church (Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada)|Niagara United Mennonite Church]]. Two years later father Frank died of a brain tumor. With insurance money Katharine was able to purchase a five acre fruit farm. With bother Jack dealing with asthma much of the farm work was left to David. <br />
<br />
David was able to attend [[Rosthern Junior College (Rosthern, Saskatchewan, Canada)|Rosthern Junior College]], in [[Saskatchewan (Canada)|Saskatchewan]]. In 1950 he was baptized at Niagara United Mennonite Church, and later that year he married Lillian. With commitment to Christ and each other, David and Lillian considered becoming missionaries to [[South Africa, Republic of|South Africa]]. A doctor recommended not going overseas as Lillian had a heart valve issue. Instead they committed themselves to financially support other mission workers. <br />
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In 1953 David Wall and Elmer Penner began a partnership of “Penner and Wall Electric,” doing electrical contracting in the Niagara Region. In 1956 David sold his half share of the electrical business, and used the funds in May 1957 to establish a “Home Appliance Store” in Virgil, Ontario. Around this time they joined the English speaking congregation in St. Catharines, [[Grace Mennonite Church (St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada)|Grace Mennonite Church]], where David taught [[Sunday School]] and was a leader with the youth group. <br />
<br />
With Lillian’s heart issues, in 1961 David took up the role of Director of the local Heart and Stroke Foundation. For a number of years he and volunteers had top distinction of community donations on a per capita basis. In 1964 Lillian died during a heart surgery. A year later David married Helen Durksen, a teacher at Virgil Public School, and who was Sharon’s Grade 1 teacher. <br />
<br />
Hearing the role of Silver Lake Mennonite Camp in faith testimonies of youth David became a fundraiser in support of the camp. Originally to raise funds for a cabin, David organized his hunting friends to host a “Silver Lake Smorgasbord Dinner.” Along with traditional Mennonite foods the group also prepared dishes of wild game, ingredients of which were donated by various volunteers. Over the years dinners were rotated between Niagara Mennonite Churches. The final Smorg was held in 2011, and had raised more than $320,000 in support of Silver Lake. <br />
<br />
As the appliance business evolved David transitioned to furniture, and in May 1967 officially opened “Wall’s Furniture Store in Virgil.” </onlyinclude> Whenever possible David stocked Canadian made quality products. He noticed that most items were designed by men, but did not physically fit women. So, when he could he purchased items specifically for women. As an independent store David paid attention to the seasonal operations of manufacturers. He learned when warehouses were overstocked, or clearing out seasonal products, and was able to purchase stock at significantly reduced prices. During the Niagara fruit season his delivery trucks always took cases of fresh fruit to share with warehouse workers or customers. After serving the community and Greater Toronto Area for 60 years, Wall’s of Virgil closed in 2017. David said, “As an independent the store just could not compete with the big box outlets.” <br />
<br />
In the 1960’s a group of business people formed the Virgil Business Association (VBA). In addition to serving as president for many years David gave leadership to two major projects. The Virgil Stampede (1966) has become an annual May long weekend community event, the proceeds of which have supported many community projects. The second major undertaking was the fundraising to build the Virgil Centennial Arena (1967). David received a telegram from Prime Minister, Lester Person, congratulating the VBA for the largest per capita centennial project in Canada. The Niagara Township Chamber of Commerce named David “Citizen of the Year (1967).” Later, son Richard was a key leader in the fundraising for the community’s second arena (2002). Months prior to his death in 2019 David Wall was inducted to the Niagara-on-the-Lake Sports Wall of Fame for his behind the scenes efforts of organization and fundraising.<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Klaassen, Randy. ''Wall’s of Virgil: Dave Wall’s Story.'' Niagara-on-the-Lake: People’s History Publications, 2018. <br />
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[[Category:Business People]]</div>AlfRedekopphttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Cornelis_Adriaensz_(16th_century)&diff=178151Cornelis Adriaensz (16th century)2024-01-23T14:07:48Z<p>AlfRedekopp: </p>
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<div>Cornelis Adriaensz (Brother Cornelis) was a Franciscan monk. His father, Adriaen Corneliszoon, was the Catholic priest of the Nieuwe Kerk at [[Dordrecht (Zuid-Holland, Netherlands)|Dordrecht]], [[Netherlands|Holland]]. Both father and son had a bad reputation as to their moral conduct. In 1566 Cornelis began to preach in [[Bruges (West-Vlaanderen, Belgium)|Bruges]], and incited the populace against the Mennonites. At least two martyrs debated with him: [[Jacob de Rore (ca. 1532-1569)|Jacob de Rore or Keersgieter]] and Herman van Vleckwijk. These debates are recorded in the [[Martyrs' Mirror|<em>Martyrs’ Mirror </em>]]Cornelis is the author of the cruel statement that with the [[Anabaptism|Anabaptists]] one must "debate with the executioner." It is a moot question whether the <em>Historie en Sermoonen van Broeder Cornelis Adriaensz</em> (Part I printed in 1569, second part 1578; there were several reprints) is genuine. [[Cramer, Samuel (1842-1913)|S. Cramer]] thought it was not ([[Doopsgezinde Bijdragen|<em>Doopsgezinde Bijdragen</em>]] 1899, 94 f., 145; 1900, 191). R. Fruin (<em>Verspreide geschriften . . .</em> The Hague, 1900, 387) took the opposite view, as after him [[Kühler, Wilhelmus Johannes (1874-1946)|Kühler]] did also.<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Braght, Thieleman J. van. <em>Het Bloedigh Tooneel of Martelaers Spiegel der Doopsgesinde of Weereloose Christenen, Die om‘t getuygenis van Jesus haren Salighmaker geleden hebben ende gedood zijn van Christi tijd of tot desen tijd toe</em>. Den Tweeden Druk. Amsterdam: Hieronymus Sweerts, 1685: Part II, 425-52.<br />
<br />
Braght, Thieleman J. van. <em>The Bloody Theatre or Martyrs’ Mirror of the Defenseless Christians Who Baptized Only upon Confession of Faith and Who Suffered and Died for the Testimony of Jesus Their Saviour… to the Year A.D. 1660</em>. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1951: 785-798. Available online at: [http://www.homecomers.org/mirror/ http://www.homecomers.org/mirror/index.htm].<br />
<br />
<em>Kerkhistorisch archief</em> 2 (Amsterdam, 1860): 325-336.<br />
<br />
Kühler, Wilhelmus Johannes. <em>Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche Doopsgezinden in de Zestiende Eeuw</em>. Haarlem: H.D. Tjeenk Willink, 1932: I, 289, 405, 446.<br />
<br />
<em>Nederlands Archief voor Kerkgeschiedenis</em> 7 (1910): 325-336.<br />
<br />
<em>Studiën en bijdragen op ’t gebied der historische theologie</em> 1 (Amsterdam, 1870): 80.<br />
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