https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Architecture&feed=atom&action=historyArchitecture - Revision history2024-03-29T10:13:55ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.35.1https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Architecture&diff=168009&oldid=prevRichardThiessen: /* Prusso-Russo-German Architectural Practices */2020-05-01T07:33:25Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Prusso-Russo-German Architectural Practices</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 07:33, 1 May 2020</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is possible though not likely that the early Mennonite meetinghouse of [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]] was also influenced by practices common among the Mennonites of the [[p3594.html|Palatinate]] in South Germany. Until 1750 the Mennonites in the Palatinate had not yet been able to erect special houses for worship, and after this almost no emigrants crossed the Atlantic until after 1815. The first church buildings in the Palatinate were plain one-story structures with rectangular windows that gave little impression of being "churches." Some changes in both the exterior and interior took place during the 19th century. Organs were introduced and sometimes provisions for [[Choirs|choirs]] were made. These changes usually came about in connection with a trained ministry which was gradually introduced from the beginning of the 19th century.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is possible though not likely that the early Mennonite meetinghouse of [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]] was also influenced by practices common among the Mennonites of the [[p3594.html|Palatinate]] in South Germany. Until 1750 the Mennonites in the Palatinate had not yet been able to erect special houses for worship, and after this almost no emigrants crossed the Atlantic until after 1815. The first church buildings in the Palatinate were plain one-story structures with rectangular windows that gave little impression of being "churches." Some changes in both the exterior and interior took place during the 19th century. Organs were introduced and sometimes provisions for [[Choirs|choirs]] were made. These changes usually came about in connection with a trained ministry which was gradually introduced from the beginning of the 19th century.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Prusso</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Russo</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">German </del>Architectural Practices ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Dutch</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Prussian</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Russian </ins>Architectural Practices ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Before presenting the Prusso-Russo-German architectural practices, it is necessary to summarize their background. Mennonite families coming from the various provinces to the Low Countries during the 16th and 17th centuries and settling along the Vistula River merged into a religio-cultural unit that retained its characteristics even after adjustment to the new environment, which practices were also continued on the steppes of [[Russia|Russia]], the prairies of [[North America|North America]], the [[Chaco (South America)|Chaco]] of [[Paraguay|Paraguay]], and the hills of [[Mexico|Mexico]], whither migrating groups later came. This perpetuated culture was, however, neither purely Dutch nor German but a composite of the two, based on religious principles adhered to for centuries. The peculiar architectural patterns and practices must be viewed against this background.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Before presenting the Prusso-Russo-German architectural practices, it is necessary to summarize their background. Mennonite families coming from the various provinces to the Low Countries during the 16th and 17th centuries and settling along the Vistula River merged into a religio-cultural unit that retained its characteristics even after adjustment to the new environment, which practices were also continued on the steppes of [[Russia|Russia]], the prairies of [[North America|North America]], the [[Chaco (South America)|Chaco]] of [[Paraguay|Paraguay]], and the hills of [[Mexico|Mexico]], whither migrating groups later came. This perpetuated culture was, however, neither purely Dutch nor German but a composite of the two, based on religious principles adhered to for centuries. The peculiar architectural patterns and practices must be viewed against this background.</div></td></tr>
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</table>RichardThiessenhttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Architecture&diff=168008&oldid=prevRichardThiessen at 07:32, 1 May 20202020-05-01T07:32:49Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 07:32, 1 May 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l7" >Line 7:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are two major sources of origin and lines of development for Mennonite culture including architectural patterns -- the Mennonites of Swiss background who migrated either directly from [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] to [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]] or indirectly by way of Germany, during the early 18th century, and accepted the Pennsylvania-German architectural patterns, and the Prusso-German Mennonites of Dutch background who settled in the Vistula River Delta near [[Danzig (Poland)|Danzig]] and migrated to [[Russia|Russia]] at the end of the 18th century, whence some came to America in the second half of the 19th century.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are two major sources of origin and lines of development for Mennonite culture including architectural patterns -- the Mennonites of Swiss background who migrated either directly from [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] to [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]] or indirectly by way of Germany, during the early 18th century, and accepted the Pennsylvania-German architectural patterns, and the Prusso-German Mennonites of Dutch background who settled in the Vistula River Delta near [[Danzig (Poland)|Danzig]] and migrated to [[Russia|Russia]] at the end of the 18th century, whence some came to America in the second half of the 19th century.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Switzerland </del>===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Swiss Mennonite Architectural Practices </ins>===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Swiss Mennonites, when leaving home and settling in South [[Germany|Germany]], [[Alsace (France)| Alsace]]-[[Lorraine (France)|Lorraine]], [[Volhynia (Ukraine)|Volhynia]], [[Galicia (Poland &amp; Ukraine)|Galicia]], and America, adhered to their culture and traditions in their respective environments for a long time. In countries like South Germany, Alsace-Lorraine, and the [[Netherlands|Netherlands]] a gradual adjustment took place, while in countries with a definitely contrasting culture adjustment was much slower. This was the case in Volhynia, [[Galicia (Poland &amp; Ukraine)|Galicia]], and [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]]. And yet the meetinghouses or churches of the Mennonites in South Germany and Alsace-Lorraine even in the 1950s indicated a direct expression of their straightforward Christian belief and practices.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Swiss Mennonites, when leaving home and settling in South [[Germany|Germany]], [[Alsace (France)| Alsace]]-[[Lorraine (France)|Lorraine]], [[Volhynia (Ukraine)|Volhynia]], [[Galicia (Poland &amp; Ukraine)|Galicia]], and America, adhered to their culture and traditions in their respective environments for a long time. In countries like South Germany, Alsace-Lorraine, and the [[Netherlands|Netherlands]] a gradual adjustment took place, while in countries with a definitely contrasting culture adjustment was much slower. This was the case in Volhynia, [[Galicia (Poland &amp; Ukraine)|Galicia]], and [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]]. And yet the meetinghouses or churches of the Mennonites in South Germany and Alsace-Lorraine even in the 1950s indicated a direct expression of their straightforward Christian belief and practices.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is possible though not likely that the early Mennonite meetinghouse of [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]] was also influenced by practices common among the Mennonites of the [[p3594.html|Palatinate]] in South Germany. Until 1750 the Mennonites in the Palatinate had not yet been able to erect special houses for worship, and after this almost no emigrants crossed the Atlantic until after 1815. The first church buildings in the Palatinate were plain one-story structures with rectangular windows that gave little impression of being "churches." Some changes in both the exterior and interior took place during the 19th century. Organs were introduced and sometimes provisions for [[Choirs|choirs]] were made. These changes usually came about in connection with a trained ministry which was gradually introduced from the beginning of the 19th century.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is possible though not likely that the early Mennonite meetinghouse of [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]] was also influenced by practices common among the Mennonites of the [[p3594.html|Palatinate]] in South Germany. Until 1750 the Mennonites in the Palatinate had not yet been able to erect special houses for worship, and after this almost no emigrants crossed the Atlantic until after 1815. The first church buildings in the Palatinate were plain one-story structures with rectangular windows that gave little impression of being "churches." Some changes in both the exterior and interior took place during the 19th century. Organs were introduced and sometimes provisions for [[Choirs|choirs]] were made. These changes usually came about in connection with a trained ministry which was gradually introduced from the beginning of the 19th century.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== Prusso-Russo-German Architectural Practices ===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Before presenting the Prusso-Russo-German architectural practices, it is necessary to summarize their background. Mennonite families coming from the various provinces to the Low Countries during the 16th and 17th centuries and settling along the Vistula River merged into a religio-cultural unit that retained its characteristics even after adjustment to the new environment, which practices were also continued on the steppes of [[Russia|Russia]], the prairies of [[North America|North America]], the [[Chaco (South America)|Chaco]] of [[Paraguay|Paraguay]], and the hills of [[Mexico|Mexico]], whither migrating groups later came. This perpetuated culture was, however, neither purely Dutch nor German but a composite of the two, based on religious principles adhered to for centuries. The peculiar architectural patterns and practices must be viewed against this background.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Before presenting the Prusso-Russo-German architectural practices, it is necessary to summarize their background. Mennonite families coming from the various provinces to the Low Countries during the 16th and 17th centuries and settling along the Vistula River merged into a religio-cultural unit that retained its characteristics even after adjustment to the new environment, which practices were also continued on the steppes of [[Russia|Russia]], the prairies of [[North America|North America]], the [[Chaco (South America)|Chaco]] of [[Paraguay|Paraguay]], and the hills of [[Mexico|Mexico]], whither migrating groups later came. This perpetuated culture was, however, neither purely Dutch nor German but a composite of the two, based on religious principles adhered to for centuries. The peculiar architectural patterns and practices must be viewed against this background.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== Netherlands ===</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:ME1-5-2.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''"Houselike" church at Zijldijk.<br /></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:ME1-5-2.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''"Houselike" church at Zijldijk.<br /></div></td></tr>
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</table>RichardThiessenhttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Architecture&diff=143481&oldid=prevRichardThiessen: Text replace - "<em>Mennonite Quarterly Review</em>" to "''Mennonite Quarterly Review''"2017-01-15T23:04:11Z<p>Text replace - "<em>Mennonite Quarterly Review</em>" to "''Mennonite Quarterly Review''"</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 23:04, 15 January 2017</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l96" >Line 96:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bachman, C. G. <em>The Old Order Amish of Lancaster County.</em> Norristown, 1942.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bachman, C. G. <em>The Old Order Amish of Lancaster County.</em> Norristown, 1942.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Francis, E. K. "The Mennonite Farmhouse in Manitoba," <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><em></del>Mennonite Quarterly Review<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></em> </del>28 (1954): 56-59.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Francis, E. K. "The Mennonite Farmhouse in Manitoba," <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>Mennonite Quarterly Review<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </ins>28 (1954): 56-59.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Gallee, J. H. <em>Das niederländische Bauernhaus und seine Bewohner</em>. Utrecht, 2 v. 1908-09, one vol. text, one vol. illustrations.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Gallee, J. H. <em>Das niederländische Bauernhaus und seine Bewohner</em>. Utrecht, 2 v. 1908-09, one vol. text, one vol. illustrations.</div></td></tr>
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</table>RichardThiessenhttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Architecture&diff=131449&oldid=prevRichardThiessen at 22:53, 21 April 20152015-04-21T22:53:32Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mennonite Encyclopedia photo'']]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mennonite Encyclopedia photo'']]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the [[Netherlands|Netherlands]] the Mennonite influence on architecture has been limited to church buildings, since the residences of Mennonites, both in the country and in towns, show no difference from other Dutch houses. But Mennonite meetinghouses in Holland, at least until about 1840, are quite different from other Protestant church buildings. From the origin of Anabaptism until the end of persecution, i.e., from 1530 to about 1570, [[Anabaptism|Anabaptists]] and Mennonites did not meet in special meetinghouses, but worshiped where they could gather best, in the open air, in the attic of a warehouse, in a cellar, in a granary, or in other hidden places. About 1570, and in the country somewhat earlier, Mennonites began to assemble in the house of one of the members of the congregation. After persecution had ended, they usually rented a room for worshiping. About 1600 most congregations began to rent or to buy a warehouse or a barn, which was adapted for the meetings only by making small transformations. In the second half of the 17th century nearly every congregation had a meetinghouse of its own. The [[Flemish Mennonites|Flemish]] congregation at [[Amsterdam (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Amsterdam]] secured its meetinghouse [[Lamist Mennonite Church (Amsterdam, Netherlands)|<em>bij't Lam</em>]] (now [[Singel Mennonite Church (Amsterdam, Holland)|Singelkerk]]) as early as 1608. About the same time the congregations of [[Rotterdam (Zuid-Holland, Netherlands)|Rotterdam]], [[Haarlem (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Haarlem]], [[Leeuwarden (Friesland, Netherlands)|Leeuwarden]], and [[Leiden (Zuid-Holland, Netherlands)|Leiden]] secured their meetinghouses. Before 1795 Mennonites of Holland, like other dissenters, were allowed to worship only in such meetinghouses as had no towers nor bells, so that no one would be "misled" into attending their services, nor were they allowed to be built on street fronts; hence all the Mennonite churches of this period in the towns of Holland are hidden churches (<em>schuilkerken</em>). Good examples of those old hidden churches are today the Mennonite churches of Amsterdam (<em>Singelkerk</em>), Haarlem, and [[Grouw (Friesland, Netherlands)|Grouw]], [[Friesland (Netherlands)|Friesland]]. In the country too the meetinghouses were not allowed to look like churches; mostly they looked like ordinary houses or [[Barns|barns]]. Especially in the Zaan region of [[North Holland (Netherlands)|North Holland]] near [[Amsterdam (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Amsterdam]] many of these barnlike meetinghouses were erected, of which some still existed in the 1950s, e.g., Zaandam-West (built in 1684), [[Krommenie (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Krommenie]] (1700), Westzaan-Zuid (1731). Typical house-like churches of this period were the meetinghouses of [[Stroe, het (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Stroe]], on the island Wieringen, which burned down in 1933, the church of [[Nes Mennonite Church (Ameland, Netherlands)|Nes]] on the island of [[Ameland (Friesland, Netherlands)|Ameland]], those of [[Zijldijk (Groningen, Netherlands)|Zijldijk]] in [[Groningen (Netherlands)|Groningen]], and the little [[Menno Simons (1496-1561)|Menno Simons]] church at [[Pingjum (Friesland, Netherlands)|Pingjum]], Friesland, restored in 1950. Even a large and important congregation like [[Harlingen (Friesland, Netherlands)|Harlingen]] assembled during the 17th and 18th centuries in a barn-like structure called <em>De Blauwe Schuur</em> (the blue barn). In the early 17th century all the churches were very simple and unpainted, and the furniture was also plain. There were no chairs or pews, only benches without backs; no pulpit, but on one side a kind of platform on which the ministers and deacons sat on a bench (later on chairs). There was no heating and the building had only a few small windows, mostly placed rather high in the walls. Sometimes one corner of the meeting place was enclosed as a room for the preachers and deacons to meet in before the service began. This kind of meetinghouse, of which the ground plan was a square, or a rectangle, the square ground form being the oldest, continued to be the normal type for the more conservative Mennonites, such as the Groninger Old Flemish [[Janjacobsgezinden|Jan-Jacobsz group]], until their congregations were dissolved in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Both [[Lamists|Lamists]] and [[Zonists|Zonists]] permitted more convenience and even some luxury. Their meetinghouses had chairs (for the women) instead of only benches, and a pulpit like that of the Reformed churches. Of this group the former church of Rotterdam (burned down 1940) with its oak boarding and its beautifully carved pulpit was a fine example. The exterior of all those churches was very plain, and stained glass windows, with two or three exceptions, were not permitted. The old country church of [[Irnsum (Friesland, Netherlands)|Irnsum]], Friesland, however, had a small painted window by 1684, and [[Witveen (Friesland, Netherlands)|Witveen]] in 1712 (<em>DB</em> 1872, 34-35). After 1796, when Mennonites obtained full civil rights, no further restrictions were imposed in the building of Mennonite churches. Henceforth the church buildings could be erected on street fronts, and they could have towers, if so desired. Yet towers on Mennonite churches are very rare; some have a little spire or elevation on the facade, like [[Enschede (Overijssel, Netherlands)|Enschede]], [[Ytens (Friesland, Netherlands)|IJtens]], [[Joure (Friesland, Netherlands)|Joure]], [[Veenwouden (Friesland, Netherlands)|Veenwouden]], and [[Oudebildtzijl (Friesland, Netherlands)|Oudebildtzijl]], the latter having a bell. Only the church of [[Wageningen (Gelderland, Netherlands)|Wageningen]] (built 1951) had a real tower in the 1950s. About the middle of the 19th century most of the Dutch Mennonite churches were remodeled and many were built new. With a few exceptions they are of no importance in an artistic sense. They are mostly very plain, yet following the artistic ideas of this period by adapting Renaissance porches and Gothic ogival windows. Of higher artistic merit are some churches built in the after 1920. Mennonite churches in Holland usually have a balcony, which is also the location of the choir during the service, if there is a choir. They also have rooms for the meetings of the church board, catechetical classes, etc. All Dutch churches now have organs, introduced generally at the end of the 18th century, the first installed in [[Utrecht (Utrecht, Netherlands)|Utrecht]] in 1765. Some churches also have beautiful stained glass windows, such as for instance [[Hilversum (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Hilversum]] and Heerlen. Basements are unknown in Holland. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vdZ.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the [[Netherlands|Netherlands]] the Mennonite influence on architecture has been limited to church buildings, since the residences of Mennonites, both in the country and in towns, show no difference from other Dutch houses. But Mennonite meetinghouses in Holland, at least until about 1840, are quite different from other Protestant church buildings. From the origin of Anabaptism until the end of persecution, i.e., from 1530 to about 1570, [[Anabaptism|Anabaptists]] and Mennonites did not meet in special meetinghouses, but worshiped where they could gather best, in the open air, in the attic of a warehouse, in a cellar, in a granary, or in other hidden places. About 1570, and in the country somewhat earlier, Mennonites began to assemble in the house of one of the members of the congregation. After persecution had ended, they usually rented a room for worshiping. About 1600 most congregations began to rent or to buy a warehouse or a barn, which was adapted for the meetings only by making small transformations. In the second half of the 17th century nearly every congregation had a meetinghouse of its own. The [[Flemish Mennonites|Flemish]] congregation at [[Amsterdam (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Amsterdam]] secured its meetinghouse [[Lamist Mennonite Church (Amsterdam, Netherlands)|<em>bij't Lam</em>]] (now [[Singel Mennonite Church (Amsterdam, Holland)|Singelkerk]]) as early as 1608. About the same time the congregations of [[Rotterdam (Zuid-Holland, Netherlands)|Rotterdam]], [[Haarlem (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Haarlem]], [[Leeuwarden (Friesland, Netherlands)|Leeuwarden]], and [[Leiden (Zuid-Holland, Netherlands)|Leiden]] secured their meetinghouses. Before 1795 Mennonites of Holland, like other dissenters, were allowed to worship only in such meetinghouses as had no towers nor bells, so that no one would be "misled" into attending their services, nor were they allowed to be built on street fronts; hence all the Mennonite churches of this period in the towns of Holland are hidden churches (<em>schuilkerken</em>). Good examples of those old hidden churches are today the Mennonite churches of Amsterdam (<em>Singelkerk</em>), Haarlem, and [[Grouw (Friesland, Netherlands)|Grouw]], [[Friesland (Netherlands)|Friesland]]. In the country too the meetinghouses were not allowed to look like churches; mostly they looked like ordinary houses or [[Barns|barns]]. Especially in the Zaan region of [[North Holland (Netherlands)|North Holland]] near [[Amsterdam (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Amsterdam]] many of these barnlike meetinghouses were erected, of which some still existed in the 1950s, e.g., Zaandam-West (built in 1684), [[Krommenie (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Krommenie]] (1700), Westzaan-Zuid (1731). Typical house-like churches of this period were the meetinghouses of [[Stroe, het (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Stroe]], on the island Wieringen, which burned down in 1933, the church of [[Nes Mennonite Church (Ameland, Netherlands)|Nes]] on the island of [[Ameland (Friesland, Netherlands)|Ameland]], those of [[Zijldijk (Groningen, Netherlands)|Zijldijk]] in [[Groningen (Netherlands)|Groningen]], and the little [[Menno Simons (1496-1561)|Menno Simons]] church at [[Pingjum (Friesland, Netherlands)|Pingjum]], Friesland, restored in 1950. Even a large and important congregation like [[Harlingen (Friesland, Netherlands)|Harlingen]] assembled during the 17th and 18th centuries in a barn-like structure called <em>De Blauwe Schuur</em> (the blue barn). In the early 17th century all the churches were very simple and unpainted, and the furniture was also plain. There were no chairs or pews, only benches without backs; no pulpit, but on one side a kind of platform on which the ministers and deacons sat on a bench (later on chairs). There was no heating and the building had only a few small windows, mostly placed rather high in the walls. Sometimes one corner of the meeting place was enclosed as a room for the preachers and deacons to meet in before the service began. This kind of meetinghouse, of which the ground plan was a square, or a rectangle, the square ground form being the oldest, continued to be the normal type for the more conservative Mennonites, such as the Groninger Old Flemish [[Janjacobsgezinden|Jan-Jacobsz group]], until their congregations were dissolved in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Both [[Lamists|Lamists]] and [[Zonists|Zonists]] permitted more convenience and even some luxury. Their meetinghouses had chairs (for the women) instead of only benches, and a pulpit like that of the Reformed churches. Of this group the former church of Rotterdam (burned down 1940) with its oak boarding and its beautifully carved pulpit was a fine example. The exterior of all those churches was very plain, and stained glass windows, with two or three exceptions, were not permitted. The old country church of [[Irnsum (Friesland, Netherlands)|Irnsum]], Friesland, however, had a small painted window by 1684, and [[Witveen (Friesland, Netherlands)|Witveen]] in 1712 (<em>DB</em> 1872, 34-35). After 1796, when Mennonites obtained full civil rights, no further restrictions were imposed in the building of Mennonite churches. Henceforth the church buildings could be erected on street fronts, and they could have towers, if so desired. Yet towers on Mennonite churches are very rare; some have a little spire or elevation on the facade, like [[Enschede (Overijssel, Netherlands)|Enschede]], [[Ytens (Friesland, Netherlands)|IJtens]], [[Joure (Friesland, Netherlands)|Joure]], [[Veenwouden (Friesland, Netherlands)|Veenwouden]], and [[Oudebildtzijl (Friesland, Netherlands)|Oudebildtzijl]], the latter having a bell. Only the church of [[Wageningen (Gelderland, Netherlands)|Wageningen]] (built 1951) had a real tower in the 1950s. About the middle of the 19th century most of the Dutch Mennonite churches were remodeled and many were built new. With a few exceptions they are of no importance in an artistic sense. They are mostly very plain, yet following the artistic ideas of this period by adapting Renaissance porches and Gothic ogival windows. Of higher artistic merit are some churches built in the after 1920. Mennonite churches in Holland usually have a balcony, which is also the location of the choir during the service, if there is a choir. They also have rooms for the meetings of the church board, catechetical classes, etc. All Dutch churches now have organs, introduced generally at the end of the 18th century, the first installed in [[Utrecht (Utrecht, Netherlands)|Utrecht]] in 1765. Some churches also have beautiful stained glass windows, such as for instance [[Hilversum (Noord-Holland, Netherlands)|Hilversum]] and Heerlen. Basements are unknown in Holland. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-- ''Nanne van der Zijpp''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The settlement and building practices of the native Population in the Vistula Delta differed considerably from those introduced by the Dutch Mennonites who established themselves there. Before the arrival of the Dutch Mennonites it was the custom of the natives to settle in compact villages and to build dwelling places, [[Barns|barns]], and sheds as separate units. The Mennonites usually located along a river, each on his own land with dwelling place, barn, and shed under one roof, built at right angles with the street. In this long structure the dwelling place was nearest the street; immediately behind it was the barn and finally the shed. More prosperous farmers occasionally attached the shed to the barn in a triangular fashion. At times another section was added to the shed making the total building assume the shape of a cross (<em>Kreuzhof</em>). During the last decades this architectural pattern underwent considerable modification, especially on the larger estates, although the traditional structures could still be found.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The settlement and building practices of the native Population in the Vistula Delta differed considerably from those introduced by the Dutch Mennonites who established themselves there. Before the arrival of the Dutch Mennonites it was the custom of the natives to settle in compact villages and to build dwelling places, [[Barns|barns]], and sheds as separate units. The Mennonites usually located along a river, each on his own land with dwelling place, barn, and shed under one roof, built at right angles with the street. In this long structure the dwelling place was nearest the street; immediately behind it was the barn and finally the shed. More prosperous farmers occasionally attached the shed to the barn in a triangular fashion. At times another section was added to the shed making the total building assume the shape of a cross (<em>Kreuzhof</em>). During the last decades this architectural pattern underwent considerable modification, especially on the larger estates, although the traditional structures could still be found.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l70" >Line 70:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 70:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are two noticeable extremes among the Mennonites of America regarding church buildings. The ultraconservative groups -- the Amish, Hutterites, and others -- have developed a principle that no special building is to be provided for worship purposes only. They meet in private homes or school buildings. What was originally a necessity has become a basic principle of their faith. The other extreme is that of those Mennonite congregations who, unaware of their principles, accept almost any architectural patterns found in their respective communities. This has produced some very odd mixtures and contradictions like the towers found on many Mennonite churches of the prairies, which are remnants of fortresses of the Middle Ages. When and how did these towers become the adornment of Mennonite churches and what connection is there between them and a church in which the Gospel of redemption and a nonresistant way of life is proclaimed?</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are two noticeable extremes among the Mennonites of America regarding church buildings. The ultraconservative groups -- the Amish, Hutterites, and others -- have developed a principle that no special building is to be provided for worship purposes only. They meet in private homes or school buildings. What was originally a necessity has become a basic principle of their faith. The other extreme is that of those Mennonite congregations who, unaware of their principles, accept almost any architectural patterns found in their respective communities. This has produced some very odd mixtures and contradictions like the towers found on many Mennonite churches of the prairies, which are remnants of fortresses of the Middle Ages. When and how did these towers become the adornment of Mennonite churches and what connection is there between them and a church in which the Gospel of redemption and a nonresistant way of life is proclaimed?</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In conclusion it must be said that Mennonites have not developed more of a specific church architecture than have Methodists, [[Baptists |Baptists]], or some of the other denominations, and yet there have been certain characteristics peculiar to them. Mennonites of Holland, Prussia, [[Russia|Russia]], and the eastern United States have at times developed certain characteristics which express simplicity, honesty, and integration of their basic principles. -- <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CK</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In conclusion it must be said that Mennonites have not developed more of a specific church architecture than have Methodists, [[Baptists |Baptists]], or some of the other denominations, and yet there have been certain characteristics peculiar to them. Mennonites of Holland, Prussia, [[Russia|Russia]], and the eastern United States have at times developed certain characteristics which express simplicity, honesty, and integration of their basic principles. -- <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''Cornelius Krahn''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 1989 Update ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== 1989 Update ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l90" >Line 90:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 90:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>College and seminary campuses have reflected new architectural patterns and trends. Recent construction of note on Mennonite campuses includes the following: [[Goshen College Mennonite Church (Goshen, Indiana, USA)|College Church]] at [[Goshen College (Goshen, Indiana, USA)|Goshen College]], Indiana (Orus Eash); Mennonite Heritage Centre at [[Canadian Mennonite Bible College (Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada)|Canadian Mennonite Bible College]], Winnipeg (Sig Toews); Chapel of the Sermon on the Mount at the [[Anabaptist Mennonite Biblical Seminary (Elkhart, Indiana, USA) |Associated Mennonite Biblical Seminaries]], [[Elkhart (Indiana, USA)|Elkhart]], Indiana (Charles Stade); Marbeck Center at [[Bluffton University (Bluffton, Ohio, USA)|Bluffton University]], Ohio (Jack Hodell); John S. Umble Center, [[Goshen College (Goshen, Indiana, USA)|Goshen College]] (Weldon Pries); Administration Building, [[Eastern Mennonite University (Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA)|Eastern Mennonite University]], [[Harrisonburg (Virginia, USA)|Harrisonburg]], Virginia (LeRoy Troyer).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>College and seminary campuses have reflected new architectural patterns and trends. Recent construction of note on Mennonite campuses includes the following: [[Goshen College Mennonite Church (Goshen, Indiana, USA)|College Church]] at [[Goshen College (Goshen, Indiana, USA)|Goshen College]], Indiana (Orus Eash); Mennonite Heritage Centre at [[Canadian Mennonite Bible College (Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada)|Canadian Mennonite Bible College]], Winnipeg (Sig Toews); Chapel of the Sermon on the Mount at the [[Anabaptist Mennonite Biblical Seminary (Elkhart, Indiana, USA) |Associated Mennonite Biblical Seminaries]], [[Elkhart (Indiana, USA)|Elkhart]], Indiana (Charles Stade); Marbeck Center at [[Bluffton University (Bluffton, Ohio, USA)|Bluffton University]], Ohio (Jack Hodell); John S. Umble Center, [[Goshen College (Goshen, Indiana, USA)|Goshen College]] (Weldon Pries); Administration Building, [[Eastern Mennonite University (Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA)|Eastern Mennonite University]], [[Harrisonburg (Virginia, USA)|Harrisonburg]], Virginia (LeRoy Troyer).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A growing number of Mennonites have been entering the professions of architecture and landscape architecture. More Mennonite congregations are making use of the services of professional architects. This promises to change the face of North American Mennonite church buildings in the years to come.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A growing number of Mennonites have been entering the professions of architecture and landscape architecture. More Mennonite congregations are making use of the services of professional architects. This promises to change the face of North American Mennonite church buildings in the years to come. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-- ''Robert S. Kreider''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>See also [[Meetinghouses|Meetinghouses]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>See also [[Meetinghouses|Meetinghouses]]</div></td></tr>
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</table>RichardThiessenhttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Architecture&diff=113182&oldid=prevRichardThiessen: Text replace - "Ohio (State)" to "Ohio (USA)"2014-02-20T03:24:15Z<p>Text replace - "Ohio (State)" to "Ohio (USA)"</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:24, 20 February 2014</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l13" >Line 13:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is of interest to note that in Switzerland, for instance at [[Langnau im Emmental (Kanton Bern, Switzerland)|Langnau]] and Sonnenberg (Jeangisboden) and quite generally, the meetinghouse is built to look much like a dwelling house, actually inhabited by a family in the first story, with the church room or rooms in the second story. In some places a schoolroom displaces the family quarters on the first floor, as at [[Moron (Kanton Bern, Switzerland)|Moron]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is of interest to note that in Switzerland, for instance at [[Langnau im Emmental (Kanton Bern, Switzerland)|Langnau]] and Sonnenberg (Jeangisboden) and quite generally, the meetinghouse is built to look much like a dwelling house, actually inhabited by a family in the first story, with the church room or rooms in the second story. In some places a schoolroom displaces the family quarters on the first floor, as at [[Moron (Kanton Bern, Switzerland)|Moron]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Swiss and South German Mennonites and Amish who settled in [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]] during the 18th century became an integral part of the developing Pennsylvania-German culture and made their own significant contribution to it. This culture is by background a composite of various South German cultural strains which were transplanted to Eastern Pennsylvania by representatives of the Lutherans, Reformed, Mennonites, Moravians, and some mystic and pietistic groups. Here in the new American environment under pioneer conditions the Pennsylvania-German culture emerged. The architectural patterns which the Pennsylvania-German Mennonites followed are for the most part an integral part of this culture. A visitor to the Pennsylvania-German country is most impressed by the unique [[Barns|barns]] which he finds not only in [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]], but wherever these people have moved during the past century in locations like [[Ohio (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">State</del>)|Ohio]], [[Indiana (USA)|Indiana]], [[Iowa (USA)|Iowa]], and [[Ontario (Canada)|Ontario]]. The barns including the motifs and decorative designs are also of South German background. J. J. Stoudt writes that the designs once had religious meaning, but Alfred L. Shoemaker's <em>Hex, No!</em> shows that they no longer have religious significance. According to Shoemaker the painting of barns in Pennsylvania was introduced around 1830. The "plain people" including the Amish and the Mennonites accepted this innovation but were reluctant to make use of symbols and decorative designs on their barns although they used them freely in penmanship and embroidery. In matters pertaining to dwelling places and other structures in the barnyard the Amish and Mennonites have more or less followed the prevailing practices of their respective communities.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Swiss and South German Mennonites and Amish who settled in [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]] during the 18th century became an integral part of the developing Pennsylvania-German culture and made their own significant contribution to it. This culture is by background a composite of various South German cultural strains which were transplanted to Eastern Pennsylvania by representatives of the Lutherans, Reformed, Mennonites, Moravians, and some mystic and pietistic groups. Here in the new American environment under pioneer conditions the Pennsylvania-German culture emerged. The architectural patterns which the Pennsylvania-German Mennonites followed are for the most part an integral part of this culture. A visitor to the Pennsylvania-German country is most impressed by the unique [[Barns|barns]] which he finds not only in [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]], but wherever these people have moved during the past century in locations like [[Ohio (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">USA</ins>)|Ohio]], [[Indiana (USA)|Indiana]], [[Iowa (USA)|Iowa]], and [[Ontario (Canada)|Ontario]]. The barns including the motifs and decorative designs are also of South German background. J. J. Stoudt writes that the designs once had religious meaning, but Alfred L. Shoemaker's <em>Hex, No!</em> shows that they no longer have religious significance. According to Shoemaker the painting of barns in Pennsylvania was introduced around 1830. The "plain people" including the Amish and the Mennonites accepted this innovation but were reluctant to make use of symbols and decorative designs on their barns although they used them freely in penmanship and embroidery. In matters pertaining to dwelling places and other structures in the barnyard the Amish and Mennonites have more or less followed the prevailing practices of their respective communities.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Detweiler%20Meetinghouse%20(Restored).jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Restored Pennsylvania-German Meetinghouse near Roseville, Ontario, Sept. 1999.'']]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Detweiler%20Meetinghouse%20(Restored).jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Restored Pennsylvania-German Meetinghouse near Roseville, Ontario, Sept. 1999.'']]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:John%20Ruth%20at%20Detweiler.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''John Ruth behind long pulpit at dedication of restored Detweiler meetinghouse, Roseville, Ontario in Sept. 1999.'']]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:John%20Ruth%20at%20Detweiler.jpg|300px|thumb|left|''John Ruth behind long pulpit at dedication of restored Detweiler meetinghouse, Roseville, Ontario in Sept. 1999.'']]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The origin and development of the Pennsylvania German Mennonite meetinghouse is most closely related to that of the other plain people such as the [[Society of Friends|Friends]], and is most likely patterned directly after the Quaker meetinghouse which was brought from [[England|England]]. This meetinghouse type has spread to [[Virginia (USA)|Virginia]], [[Ontario (Canada)|Ontario]], [[Ohio (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">State</del>)|Ohio]], and the western states where the architectural patterns underwent some modifications, especially in the Middle West. Smaller groups again under pioneer conditions and joined frequently by newcomers from Europe did not always maintain the structural design of the meetinghouse in its original form. Sometimes it was abandoned altogether and replaced by prevailing styles in the respective communities. Thus there was less uniformity along these lines among the Mennonites of Pennsylvania-German background in the Middle West and prairie states than was the case in Pennsylvania, [[Ontario (Canada)|Ontario]], and [[Virginia (USA)|Virginia]]. Under the impact of prevailing American architectural styles the more acculturated groups of Pennsylvania are less uniform in traditional meetinghouse structure than they formerly were. Some congregations have broken away completely and others are attempting to retain the good qualities and features in their adjustment to the needs and functions of a Mennonite congregation in our day.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The origin and development of the Pennsylvania German Mennonite meetinghouse is most closely related to that of the other plain people such as the [[Society of Friends|Friends]], and is most likely patterned directly after the Quaker meetinghouse which was brought from [[England|England]]. This meetinghouse type has spread to [[Virginia (USA)|Virginia]], [[Ontario (Canada)|Ontario]], [[Ohio (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">USA</ins>)|Ohio]], and the western states where the architectural patterns underwent some modifications, especially in the Middle West. Smaller groups again under pioneer conditions and joined frequently by newcomers from Europe did not always maintain the structural design of the meetinghouse in its original form. Sometimes it was abandoned altogether and replaced by prevailing styles in the respective communities. Thus there was less uniformity along these lines among the Mennonites of Pennsylvania-German background in the Middle West and prairie states than was the case in Pennsylvania, [[Ontario (Canada)|Ontario]], and [[Virginia (USA)|Virginia]]. Under the impact of prevailing American architectural styles the more acculturated groups of Pennsylvania are less uniform in traditional meetinghouse structure than they formerly were. Some congregations have broken away completely and others are attempting to retain the good qualities and features in their adjustment to the needs and functions of a Mennonite congregation in our day.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is possible though not likely that the early Mennonite meetinghouse of [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]] was also influenced by practices common among the Mennonites of the [[p3594.html|Palatinate]] in South Germany. Until 1750 the Mennonites in the Palatinate had not yet been able to erect special houses for worship, and after this almost no emigrants crossed the Atlantic until after 1815. The first church buildings in the Palatinate were plain one-story structures with rectangular windows that gave little impression of being "churches." Some changes in both the exterior and interior took place during the 19th century. Organs were introduced and sometimes provisions for [[Choirs|choirs]] were made. These changes usually came about in connection with a trained ministry which was gradually introduced from the beginning of the 19th century.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is possible though not likely that the early Mennonite meetinghouse of [[Pennsylvania (USA)|Pennsylvania]] was also influenced by practices common among the Mennonites of the [[p3594.html|Palatinate]] in South Germany. Until 1750 the Mennonites in the Palatinate had not yet been able to erect special houses for worship, and after this almost no emigrants crossed the Atlantic until after 1815. The first church buildings in the Palatinate were plain one-story structures with rectangular windows that gave little impression of being "churches." Some changes in both the exterior and interior took place during the 19th century. Organs were introduced and sometimes provisions for [[Choirs|choirs]] were made. These changes usually came about in connection with a trained ministry which was gradually introduced from the beginning of the 19th century.</div></td></tr>
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</table>RichardThiessenhttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Architecture&diff=103552&oldid=prevSamSteiner: Edit footer2013-11-17T13:28:31Z<p>Edit footer</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:28, 17 November 2013</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wittlinger, Carlton O. <em>Quest for Piety and Obedience: The Story of the Brethren in Christ. </em> Nappanee, IN: Evangel Press, 1978: 492-495.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wittlinger, Carlton O. <em>Quest for Piety and Obedience: The Story of the Brethren in Christ. </em> Nappanee, IN: Evangel Press, 1978: 492-495.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 1, pp. 146-151; v. 5, pp. 34-35|date=1989|a1_last=Krahn|a1_first=Cornelius<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, Nanne </del>van der Zijpp|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a2_last</del>=Kreider|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a2_first</del>=Robert S.}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{GAMEO_footer<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-3</ins>|hp=Vol. 1, pp. 146-151; v. 5, pp. 34-35|date=1989|a1_last=Krahn|a1_first=Cornelius<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|a2_last=</ins>van der Zijpp|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a2_first=Nanne|a3_last</ins>=Kreider|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a3_first</ins>=Robert S.}}</div></td></tr>
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</table>SamSteinerhttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Architecture&diff=101187&oldid=prevRichardThiessen at 06:29, 5 September 20132013-09-05T06:29:28Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 06:29, 5 September 2013</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l19" >Line 19:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In their church, architecture, however, the Mennonites in Pennsylvania did not follow the prevailing practices of the "church people" neighbors, but went their own distinctive way. Their meetinghouse has an interesting history. During the 16th to 18th centuries when the Mennonites of Switzerland were outlawed and could not build churches or special buildings for worship purposes the worship had of necessity to be either in private homes or in the forests and deep mountain glens. No meetinghouses were built in [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] or neighboring [[Alsace (France)|Alsace]] and [[France|France]] before the second half of the 19th century. The Amish, being a conservative branch of the Mennonites, maintained the practice even in countries where there was no restriction along these lines. The Mennonites of colonial Pennsylvania (1683-1789), however, during pioneer days built log or stone buildings to serve as schools during the week and as churches on Sunday. Gradually separate buildings for each purpose were erected; usually close together, with a whitewashed stone type soon becoming predominant, later replaced by a brick structure. Originally the church building was very plain and similar to the school. As the congregations grew in size the buildings grew in length. The original meetinghouse usually had one entrance at the end or side; later, two -- one for men and one for women. A small porch at the entrance was in many cases extended across one entire side and end of the meetinghouse. Originally no paint was applied to the interior woodwork and furniture of the building. Men sat on one side and the women on the other on benches without backs. Hats and bonnets were hung on racks suspended from the ceiling over the benches. The ministers sat around a table at the wall opposite the entrance. Gradually a long pulpit was introduced, from which the sermon was delivered, backed by a long bench on which all the ministers sat during the service. Today the pulpits are largely modernized although the long bench is still commonly in use. In the Eastern Pennsylvania meetinghouses of the more conservative groups, no provision is made for pianos or organs, symbolism or art work, steeples and bells, stained glass windows, etc., even today. In the cemeteries near the meetinghouses small simple headstones bearing the names of the departed are found. Stoves were early placed into meetinghouses but lights only more recently with the advent of evening meetings. With the coming of Sunday schools and other activities of the congregations a basement was added.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In their church, architecture, however, the Mennonites in Pennsylvania did not follow the prevailing practices of the "church people" neighbors, but went their own distinctive way. Their meetinghouse has an interesting history. During the 16th to 18th centuries when the Mennonites of Switzerland were outlawed and could not build churches or special buildings for worship purposes the worship had of necessity to be either in private homes or in the forests and deep mountain glens. No meetinghouses were built in [[Switzerland|Switzerland]] or neighboring [[Alsace (France)|Alsace]] and [[France|France]] before the second half of the 19th century. The Amish, being a conservative branch of the Mennonites, maintained the practice even in countries where there was no restriction along these lines. The Mennonites of colonial Pennsylvania (1683-1789), however, during pioneer days built log or stone buildings to serve as schools during the week and as churches on Sunday. Gradually separate buildings for each purpose were erected; usually close together, with a whitewashed stone type soon becoming predominant, later replaced by a brick structure. Originally the church building was very plain and similar to the school. As the congregations grew in size the buildings grew in length. The original meetinghouse usually had one entrance at the end or side; later, two -- one for men and one for women. A small porch at the entrance was in many cases extended across one entire side and end of the meetinghouse. Originally no paint was applied to the interior woodwork and furniture of the building. Men sat on one side and the women on the other on benches without backs. Hats and bonnets were hung on racks suspended from the ceiling over the benches. The ministers sat around a table at the wall opposite the entrance. Gradually a long pulpit was introduced, from which the sermon was delivered, backed by a long bench on which all the ministers sat during the service. Today the pulpits are largely modernized although the long bench is still commonly in use. In the Eastern Pennsylvania meetinghouses of the more conservative groups, no provision is made for pianos or organs, symbolism or art work, steeples and bells, stained glass windows, etc., even today. In the cemeteries near the meetinghouses small simple headstones bearing the names of the departed are found. Stoves were early placed into meetinghouses but lights only more recently with the advent of evening meetings. With the coming of Sunday schools and other activities of the congregations a basement was added.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:John%20Ruth%20at%20Detweiler.jpg|300px|thumb|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">right</del>|''John Ruth behind long pulpit at dedication of restored Detweiler meetinghouse, Roseville, Ontario in Sept. 1999.'']]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:John%20Ruth%20at%20Detweiler.jpg|300px|thumb|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">left</ins>|''John Ruth behind long pulpit at dedication of restored Detweiler meetinghouse, Roseville, Ontario in Sept. 1999.'']]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The origin and development of the Pennsylvania German Mennonite meetinghouse is most closely related to that of the other plain people such as the [[Society of Friends|Friends]], and is most likely patterned directly after the Quaker meetinghouse which was brought from [[England|England]]. This meetinghouse type has spread to [[Virginia (USA)|Virginia]], [[Ontario (Canada)|Ontario]], [[Ohio (State)|Ohio]], and the western states where the architectural patterns underwent some modifications, especially in the Middle West. Smaller groups again under pioneer conditions and joined frequently by newcomers from Europe did not always maintain the structural design of the meetinghouse in its original form. Sometimes it was abandoned altogether and replaced by prevailing styles in the respective communities. Thus there was less uniformity along these lines among the Mennonites of Pennsylvania-German background in the Middle West and prairie states than was the case in Pennsylvania, [[Ontario (Canada)|Ontario]], and [[Virginia (USA)|Virginia]]. Under the impact of prevailing American architectural styles the more acculturated groups of Pennsylvania are less uniform in traditional meetinghouse structure than they formerly were. Some congregations have broken away completely and others are attempting to retain the good qualities and features in their adjustment to the needs and functions of a Mennonite congregation in our day.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The origin and development of the Pennsylvania German Mennonite meetinghouse is most closely related to that of the other plain people such as the [[Society of Friends|Friends]], and is most likely patterned directly after the Quaker meetinghouse which was brought from [[England|England]]. This meetinghouse type has spread to [[Virginia (USA)|Virginia]], [[Ontario (Canada)|Ontario]], [[Ohio (State)|Ohio]], and the western states where the architectural patterns underwent some modifications, especially in the Middle West. Smaller groups again under pioneer conditions and joined frequently by newcomers from Europe did not always maintain the structural design of the meetinghouse in its original form. Sometimes it was abandoned altogether and replaced by prevailing styles in the respective communities. Thus there was less uniformity along these lines among the Mennonites of Pennsylvania-German background in the Middle West and prairie states than was the case in Pennsylvania, [[Ontario (Canada)|Ontario]], and [[Virginia (USA)|Virginia]]. Under the impact of prevailing American architectural styles the more acculturated groups of Pennsylvania are less uniform in traditional meetinghouse structure than they formerly were. Some congregations have broken away completely and others are attempting to retain the good qualities and features in their adjustment to the needs and functions of a Mennonite congregation in our day.</div></td></tr>
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</table>RichardThiessenhttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Architecture&diff=101186&oldid=prevRichardThiessen: Formatted headings.2013-09-05T06:28:23Z<p>Formatted headings.</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 06:28, 5 September 2013</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l72" >Line 72:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In conclusion it must be said that Mennonites have not developed more of a specific church architecture than have Methodists, [[Baptists |Baptists]], or some of the other denominations, and yet there have been certain characteristics peculiar to them. Mennonites of Holland, Prussia, [[Russia|Russia]], and the eastern United States have at times developed certain characteristics which express simplicity, honesty, and integration of their basic principles. -- CK</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In conclusion it must be said that Mennonites have not developed more of a specific church architecture than have Methodists, [[Baptists |Baptists]], or some of the other denominations, and yet there have been certain characteristics peculiar to them. Mennonites of Holland, Prussia, [[Russia|Russia]], and the eastern United States have at times developed certain characteristics which express simplicity, honesty, and integration of their basic principles. -- CK</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><h3></del>1989 Update<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></h3> </del>In the decades following World War II, North American Mennonites experienced an outburst of church building and institutional construction (colleges, hospitals, retirement and nursing homes, camps, etc.) unprecedented in their history. Construction of church buildings had been postponed by the Great Depression of the 1930s and the war years of the 1940s. After the war, Mennonites found themselves with increased financial resources and ideas for expanded institutional programs. This was accompanied by much residential construction and movement into more urban areas.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">== </ins>1989 Update <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the decades following World War II, North American Mennonites experienced an outburst of church building and institutional construction (colleges, hospitals, retirement and nursing homes, camps, etc.) unprecedented in their history. Construction of church buildings had been postponed by the Great Depression of the 1930s and the war years of the 1940s. After the war, Mennonites found themselves with increased financial resources and ideas for expanded institutional programs. This was accompanied by much residential construction and movement into more urban areas.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With radical changes in agriculture, the appearance of Mennonite farmsteads changed. Many special-purpose small farm buildings were torn down as agricultural enterprises became less diversified. With less need for the storage of large quantities of hay, many Mennonite-owned [[Barns|barns]] fell into disuse and were razed.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>With radical changes in agriculture, the appearance of Mennonite farmsteads changed. Many special-purpose small farm buildings were torn down as agricultural enterprises became less diversified. With less need for the storage of large quantities of hay, many Mennonite-owned [[Barns|barns]] fell into disuse and were razed.</div></td></tr>
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</table>RichardThiessenhttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Architecture&diff=101185&oldid=prevRichardThiessen: Formatted images.2013-09-05T06:27:21Z<p>Formatted images.</p>
<a href="https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Architecture&diff=101185&oldid=90908">Show changes</a>RichardThiessenhttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Architecture&diff=90908&oldid=prevGameoAdmin: CSV import - 201308232013-08-23T13:52:07Z<p>CSV import - 20130823</p>
<a href="https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Architecture&diff=90908&oldid=74907">Show changes</a>GameoAdmin