https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Esslingen_(Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg,_Germany)&feed=atom&action=historyEsslingen (Baden-Württemberg, Germany) - Revision history2024-03-29T09:32:59ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.35.1https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Esslingen_(Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg,_Germany)&diff=172008&oldid=prevSamSteiner at 17:32, 20 July 20212021-07-20T17:32:54Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Esslingen.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Esslingen_am_Neckar_2005.jpg Wikipedia Commons]'']] Esslingen, a city (population of 70,000 in 1950, 92,299 in 2004) in [[Baden-Württemberg (Germany)|Baden-Württemberg]], situated on the Neckar, six miles east of Stuttgart (coordinates: <span title="Latitude">48° 44′ 0″ N</span>, <span title="Longitude">9° 19′ 0″ E)</span>, from 1209 to 1802 a free imperial city, in which [[Anabaptism|Anabaptism]] early found many adherents, with some protection from the nobility. The name has survived in the “Wiedertäufer-Klinge,” a forest ravine where they were accustomed to assemble. As early as 1527 there was an Anabaptist congregation here, which prepared the ground for the introduction of the Reformation (see [[Blaurer, Ambrosius (1492-1564)|Ambrosius Blaurer]]), but also suffered severe persecution. Its leaders were the knifesmith [[Krafft, Hans (16th century)|Hans Krafft]] of Augsburg, and the cobbler [[Pfudler, Felix (16th century)|Felix Pfudler]] of Esslingen, [[Zuberhans (16th century)|Zuberhans]] of Hegensberg, [[Böhmerle, Stephen (d. 1528)|Stephan Böhmerle]], and others. The number of members soon increased to 100. Esslingen was at this time a place of refuge for the Anabaptists; [[Leupold, Hans (d. 1528)|Hans Leupold]] (Hege, 45), Leonhard Eleutherobius ([[Eleutherobios, Stoffel and Leonhard (16th century)|Freisleben]]), and others spent some time here. Several of the Anabaptists imprisoned in the dungeon at [[Passau (Freistaat Bayern, Germany)|Passau]] stated that they had been baptized at Esslingen, that Lienhard Wenig, a vinedresser, was their elder, and other prominent Anabaptists were Martin Arnold and Paul Frank of Hainbach (Nicoladoni, 188 ff.). Expelled early in 1528, they immigrated to [[Reutlingen (Baden-Württemberg, Germany)|Reutlingen]] under the leadership of the guild master Leonhard Lutz (Hege, 45). Stephan Böhmerle returned, and was executed on 5 October 1529, as the first martyr of Esslingen.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">__TOC__</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Esslingen.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Esslingen_am_Neckar_2005.jpg Wikipedia Commons]'']] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Esslingen, a city (population of 70,000 in 1950, 92,299 in 2004) in [[Baden-Württemberg (Germany)|Baden-Württemberg]], situated on the Neckar, six miles east of Stuttgart (coordinates: <span title="Latitude">48° 44′ 0″ N</span>, <span title="Longitude">9° 19′ 0″ E)</span>, from 1209 to 1802 a free imperial city, in which [[Anabaptism|Anabaptism]] early found many adherents, with some protection from the nobility. The name has survived in the “Wiedertäufer-Klinge,” a forest ravine where they were accustomed to assemble. As early as 1527 there was an Anabaptist congregation here, which prepared the ground for the introduction of the Reformation (see [[Blaurer, Ambrosius (1492-1564)|Ambrosius Blaurer]]), but also suffered severe persecution. Its leaders were the knifesmith [[Krafft, Hans (16th century)|Hans Krafft]] of Augsburg, and the cobbler [[Pfudler, Felix (16th century)|Felix Pfudler]] of Esslingen, [[Zuberhans (16th century)|Zuberhans]] of Hegensberg, [[Böhmerle, Stephen (d. 1528)|Stephan Böhmerle]], and others. The number of members soon increased to 100. Esslingen was at this time a place of refuge for the Anabaptists; [[Leupold, Hans (d. 1528)|Hans Leupold]] (Hege, 45), Leonhard Eleutherobius ([[Eleutherobios, Stoffel and Leonhard (16th century)|Freisleben]]), and others spent some time here. Several of the Anabaptists imprisoned in the dungeon at [[Passau (Freistaat Bayern, Germany)|Passau]] stated that they had been baptized at Esslingen, that Lienhard Wenig, a vinedresser, was their elder, and other prominent Anabaptists were Martin Arnold and Paul Frank of Hainbach (Nicoladoni, 188 ff.). Expelled early in 1528, they immigrated to [[Reutlingen (Baden-Württemberg, Germany)|Reutlingen]] under the leadership of the guild master Leonhard Lutz (Hege, 45). Stephan Böhmerle returned, and was executed on 5 October 1529, as the first martyr of Esslingen.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The city council of Esslingen had issued a warning, 10 November 1527, against the “deceitful seduction of Anabaptism,” but did not take steps of suppression until the Austrian government at Stuttgart reminded the councilors of its presence in the city. Many men and women were arrested and by torture compelled to make confessions as follows: their faith they based alone on the Scriptures; faith must precede baptism; communion is a commemoration of the death of Christ; bearing arms is forbidden, nor may one do battle against one’s enemy, be he Jew or Turk; peace and unity must be preserved; and it is a duty to obey all reasonable commands of the government. If several said that all who refused baptism should be killed as <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">heathen</del>, and that they were awaiting the coming of aid from [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] where there were many of their faith, it is clear that either their statements were misunderstood or were extorted by torture, for there can be no thought of murder in connection with the [[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterian Brethren]] (Pfaff, 473). Nevertheless it may be correct that some required community of goods and asserted that Christ was not God, but a prophet and a sinless man, like any other; for all who do God’s will are His sons. The contemporary chronicler, Dyonisius Dreytwein (born about 1500 in Esslingen), makes an interesting statement at the conclusion of a comparison of the different creeds, “Therefore the Anabaptists are still the best and most pious; they do not swear, they do not practice usury, they do not drink to excess, as thou, miserable crowd” (p. 97).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The city council of Esslingen had issued a warning, 10 November 1527, against the “deceitful seduction of Anabaptism,” but did not take steps of suppression until the Austrian government at Stuttgart reminded the councilors of its presence in the city. Many men and women were arrested and by torture compelled to make confessions as follows: their faith they based alone on the Scriptures; faith must precede baptism; communion is a commemoration of the death of Christ; bearing arms is forbidden, nor may one do battle against one’s enemy, be he Jew or Turk; peace and unity must be preserved; and it is a duty to obey all reasonable commands of the government. If several said that all who refused baptism should be killed as <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">unbelievers</ins>, and that they were awaiting the coming of aid from [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] where there were many of their faith, it is clear that either their statements were misunderstood or were extorted by torture, for there can be no thought of murder in connection with the [[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterian Brethren]] (Pfaff, 473). Nevertheless it may be correct that some required community of goods and asserted that Christ was not God, but a prophet and a sinless man, like any other; for all who do God’s will are His sons. The contemporary chronicler, Dyonisius Dreytwein (born about 1500 in Esslingen), makes an interesting statement at the conclusion of a comparison of the different creeds, “Therefore the Anabaptists are still the best and most pious; they do not swear, they do not practice usury, they do not drink to excess, as thou, miserable crowd” (p. 97).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Six of the arrested Anabaptists recanted and were released with a fine of 10 to 30 pounds; the others were banished. Stephan Böhmerle, who returned, was beheaded on 5 October 1529. In 1530 [[Fleiner, Joachim (d. 1530)|Joachim Fleiner]] and [[Lichtenstein, Ludwig (d. 1530)|Ludwig Lichtenstein]] met the same fate, as well as [[Egen, Bastian (d. 1530)|Bastian Egen]] and Jakob Schneider of Uhlbach.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Six of the arrested Anabaptists recanted and were released with a fine of 10 to 30 pounds; the others were banished. Stephan Böhmerle, who returned, was beheaded on 5 October 1529. In 1530 [[Fleiner, Joachim (d. 1530)|Joachim Fleiner]] and [[Lichtenstein, Ludwig (d. 1530)|Ludwig Lichtenstein]] met the same fate, as well as [[Egen, Bastian (d. 1530)|Bastian Egen]] and Jakob Schneider of Uhlbach.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When, in 1531, the Reformation was carried out in Esslingen, a more lenient attitude was taken toward the Anabaptists. Ambrosius Blaurer, the Swabian reformer who arrived in Esslingen in 1531, won most of the Anabaptists by the earnestness of his preaching and by personal contacts. But when he left in the following year a bitter quarrel which broke out among the clergy caused the Anabaptists to leave the church again. They also took offense at the manner of life of many members and the lack of church discipline which Blaurer had introduced at their instigation. Thus, the serious-minded returned to the Anabaptists, and new repressive measures were initiated by the clergy. The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><em></del>Zuchtordnung<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></em> </del>of 1532 provided that anyone who rejected infant baptism and was rebaptized, should be admonished by the preachers, and if he did not desist from his error he should be imprisoned, and if he still persisted, expelled. On 4 February 1532, the Anabaptists were summoned to the Rathaus, to be cross-examined by the clergy. Oddly, they confessed that they held the doctrine of the sleep of the soul (Pfaff, 47). In February 1533 a new examination was ordered, at which three Anabaptists were compelled to recant publicly. Following an opinion given by the Esslingen clergy, all meetings of the Anabaptists were forbidden. But the order was not enforced.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When, in 1531, the Reformation was carried out in Esslingen, a more lenient attitude was taken toward the Anabaptists. Ambrosius Blaurer, the Swabian reformer who arrived in Esslingen in 1531, won most of the Anabaptists by the earnestness of his preaching and by personal contacts. But when he left in the following year a bitter quarrel which broke out among the clergy caused the Anabaptists to leave the church again. They also took offense at the manner of life of many members and the lack of church discipline which Blaurer had introduced at their instigation. Thus, the serious-minded returned to the Anabaptists, and new repressive measures were initiated by the clergy. The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>Zuchtordnung<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </ins>of 1532 provided that anyone who rejected infant baptism and was rebaptized, should be admonished by the preachers, and if he did not desist from his error he should be imprisoned, and if he still persisted, expelled. On 4 February 1532, the Anabaptists were summoned to the Rathaus, to be cross-examined by the clergy. Oddly, they confessed that they held the doctrine of the sleep of the soul (Pfaff, 47). In February 1533 a new examination was ordered, at which three Anabaptists were compelled to recant publicly. Following an opinion given by the Esslingen clergy, all meetings of the Anabaptists were forbidden. But the order was not enforced.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On 5 April 1534, an Anabaptist meeting in the region of Esslingen was surprised, which was attended chiefly by Anabaptists from Württemberg. A list of persons who had harbored Anabaptists was found and sent to Stuttgart. In the following year Anabaptists again appeared in Esslingen. On 23 August 1535, [[Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg (1487-1550)|Duke Ulrich of Württemberg]] wrote to the Esslingen authorities, urging them to suppress the “false doctrine of the Anabaptists.” But nothing was done. In 1541 the clergy of Esslingen complained that for years the Anabaptists in the small parishes had so corrupted the populace that few acknowledged the pastors as the true preachers. On 29 June 1544, the council of Esslingen commanded the parishes to show more respect for the clergy, and arrested three men and women on a suspicion of Anabaptism. At their trial they said that the taking of interest is wrong; no one is condemned for original sin; infant baptism is useless; preaching is an aid to salvation if it is rightly done; but because it is not, it bears no fruit and reforms nobody. Veit Bechtold said Christ was true man and God, born of Mary, but crafty arguing about it should be avoided. They were dismissed with a serious warning.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On 5 April 1534, an Anabaptist meeting in the region of Esslingen was surprised, which was attended chiefly by Anabaptists from Württemberg. A list of persons who had harbored Anabaptists was found and sent to Stuttgart. In the following year Anabaptists again appeared in Esslingen. On 23 August 1535, [[Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg (1487-1550)|Duke Ulrich of Württemberg]] wrote to the Esslingen authorities, urging them to suppress the “false doctrine of the Anabaptists.” But nothing was done. In 1541 the clergy of Esslingen complained that for years the Anabaptists in the small parishes had so corrupted the populace that few acknowledged the pastors as the true preachers. On 29 June 1544, the council of Esslingen commanded the parishes to show more respect for the clergy, and arrested three men and women on a suspicion of Anabaptism. At their trial they said that the taking of interest is wrong; no one is condemned for original sin; infant baptism is useless; preaching is an aid to salvation if it is rightly done; but because it is not, it bears no fruit and reforms nobody. Veit Bechtold said Christ was true man and God, born of Mary, but crafty arguing about it should be avoided. They were dismissed with a serious warning.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On 6 June 1562, 28 Anabaptists, most of them from Württemberg, were seized in a ravine at Katzenbühl not far from Hainbach, where they had frequently assembled. When they obstinately refused to recant they were expelled from the region of the city. Again in 1564 several Anabaptists were banished. In 1567 [[Andreae, Jakob (1528-1590)|Jakob Andreae]] preached eight sermons against the Anabaptists, which he published in 1568, and which influenced the governments again and again to proceed against the Anabaptists. Repeatedly the dukes of Württemberg, [[Ludwig, Duke of Württemberg (1554-1593)|Ludwig]] and [[Friedrich, Duke of Württemberg (1557-1608)|Friedrich]], accused the council of Esslingen of tolerating Anabaptists. In 1598 several Anabaptists were again arrested. Some of them said they held their meetings in the woods near Stetten, and one of them justified their meetings on the grounds that the apostles had also done so. Most of them recanted, and the rest were banished. In 1609 Duke John Frederick warned the council of Esslingen of Anabaptists who had reputedly come to Hainbach and were trying to win converts. The council, however, replied that in the last three or four years, since Walter Lichtenstein had left Hainbach, there were no Anabaptists there. Nothing is known of their presence there since that date.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On 6 June 1562, 28 Anabaptists, most of them from Württemberg, were seized in a ravine at Katzenbühl not far from Hainbach, where they had frequently assembled. When they obstinately refused to recant they were expelled from the region of the city. Again in 1564 several Anabaptists were banished. In 1567 [[Andreae, Jakob (1528-1590)|Jakob Andreae]] preached eight sermons against the Anabaptists, which he published in 1568, and which influenced the governments again and again to proceed against the Anabaptists. Repeatedly the dukes of Württemberg, [[Ludwig, Duke of Württemberg (1554-1593)|Ludwig]] and [[Friedrich, Duke of Württemberg (1557-1608)|Friedrich]], accused the council of Esslingen of tolerating Anabaptists. In 1598 several Anabaptists were again arrested. Some of them said they held their meetings in the woods near Stetten, and one of them justified their meetings on the grounds that the apostles had also done so. Most of them recanted, and the rest were banished. In 1609 Duke John Frederick warned the council of Esslingen of Anabaptists who had reputedly come to Hainbach and were trying to win converts. The council, however, replied that in the last three or four years, since Walter Lichtenstein had left Hainbach, there were no Anabaptists there. Nothing is known of their presence there since that date.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Bibliography =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Bibliography =</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dreytwein, D.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><em> </del>Esslinger Chronik<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></em> </del>(published in the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><em></del>Bibliothek des Literarischen Vereins zu Stuttgart<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></em></del>, vol. 221). Tübingen, 1901.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dreytwein, D.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </ins>Esslinger Chronik<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </ins>(published in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>Bibliothek des Literarischen Vereins zu Stuttgart<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>, vol. 221). Tübingen, 1901.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Gayler, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><em></del>Historische Denkwürdigkeiten von Reutlingen<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></em></del>. 1846.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Gayler, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>Historische Denkwürdigkeiten von Reutlingen<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>. 1846.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><em></del>Die Täufer in der Kurpfalz<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></em></del>. Frankfurt, 1908.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>Die Täufer in der Kurpfalz<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>. Frankfurt, 1908.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. ''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I, 609-11.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. ''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I, 609-11.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nicoladoni, A. J<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><em></del>ohannes Bünderlin<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></em> </del>. . . Berlin, 1893.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nicoladoni, A. J<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>ohannes Bünderlin<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </ins>. . . Berlin, 1893.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Pfaff, K. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><em></del>Geschichte der Stadt Esslingen<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></em></del>. Esslingen, 1840.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Pfaff, K. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>Geschichte der Stadt Esslingen<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>. Esslingen, 1840.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Rauscher, J. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><em></del>Württ. Reformations-Geschichte<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></em></del>. 1934.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Rauscher, J. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>Württ. Reformations-Geschichte<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>. 1934.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Salzmann-Haffner, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><em></del>Geschichte der Esslinger Wiedertäufer<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></em></del>. Esslingen, 1932.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Salzmann-Haffner, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>Geschichte der Esslinger Wiedertäufer<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>. Esslingen, 1932.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Maps =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Maps =</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Map:Esslingen, Baden-Württemberg|Map:Esslingen, Baden-Württemberg]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Map:Esslingen, Baden-Württemberg|Map:Esslingen, Baden-Württemberg]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 2, pp. 250-252|date=1956|a1_last=Hege|a1_first=Christian|a2_last=|a2_first=}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 2, pp. 250-252|date=1956|a1_last=Hege|a1_first=Christian|a2_last=|a2_first=}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Places]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cities, Towns, and Villages]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Cities, Towns, and Villages in Germany]]</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>SamSteinerhttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Esslingen_(Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg,_Germany)&diff=145027&oldid=prevRichardThiessen: Text replace - "<em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I," to "''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I,"2017-01-16T00:05:25Z<p>Text replace - "<em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I," to "''Mennonitisches Lexikon'', 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I,"</p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian. <em>Die Täufer in der Kurpfalz</em>. Frankfurt, 1908.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian. <em>Die Täufer in der Kurpfalz</em>. Frankfurt, 1908.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><em></del>Mennonitisches Lexikon<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></em></del>, 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I, 609-11.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>Mennonitisches Lexikon<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>, 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I, 609-11.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nicoladoni, A. J<em>ohannes Bünderlin</em> . . . Berlin, 1893.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nicoladoni, A. J<em>ohannes Bünderlin</em> . . . Berlin, 1893.</div></td></tr>
</table>RichardThiessenhttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Esslingen_(Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg,_Germany)&diff=141109&oldid=prevRichardThiessen: Text replace - "emigrated to" to "immigrated to"2016-11-20T07:32:17Z<p>Text replace - "emigrated to" to "immigrated to"</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 07:32, 20 November 2016</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Esslingen.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Esslingen_am_Neckar_2005.jpg Wikipedia Commons]'']] Esslingen, a city (population of 70,000 in 1950, 92,299 in 2004) in [[Baden-Württemberg (Germany)|Baden-Württemberg]], situated on the Neckar, six miles east of Stuttgart (coordinates: <span title="Latitude">48° 44′ 0″ N</span>, <span title="Longitude">9° 19′ 0″ E)</span>, from 1209 to 1802 a free imperial city, in which [[Anabaptism|Anabaptism]] early found many adherents, with some protection from the nobility. The name has survived in the “Wiedertäufer-Klinge,” a forest ravine where they were accustomed to assemble. As early as 1527 there was an Anabaptist congregation here, which prepared the ground for the introduction of the Reformation (see [[Blaurer, Ambrosius (1492-1564)|Ambrosius Blaurer]]), but also suffered severe persecution. Its leaders were the knifesmith [[Krafft, Hans (16th century)|Hans Krafft]] of Augsburg, and the cobbler [[Pfudler, Felix (16th century)|Felix Pfudler]] of Esslingen, [[Zuberhans (16th century)|Zuberhans]] of Hegensberg, [[Böhmerle, Stephen (d. 1528)|Stephan Böhmerle]], and others. The number of members soon increased to 100. Esslingen was at this time a place of refuge for the Anabaptists; [[Leupold, Hans (d. 1528)|Hans Leupold]] (Hege, 45), Leonhard Eleutherobius ([[Eleutherobios, Stoffel and Leonhard (16th century)|Freisleben]]), and others spent some time here. Several of the Anabaptists imprisoned in the dungeon at [[Passau (Freistaat Bayern, Germany)|Passau]] stated that they had been baptized at Esslingen, that Lienhard Wenig, a vinedresser, was their elder, and other prominent Anabaptists were Martin Arnold and Paul Frank of Hainbach (Nicoladoni, 188 ff.). Expelled early in 1528, they <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">emigrated </del>to [[Reutlingen (Baden-Württemberg, Germany)|Reutlingen]] under the leadership of the guild master Leonhard Lutz (Hege, 45). Stephan Böhmerle returned, and was executed on 5 October 1529, as the first martyr of Esslingen.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Esslingen.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Esslingen_am_Neckar_2005.jpg Wikipedia Commons]'']] Esslingen, a city (population of 70,000 in 1950, 92,299 in 2004) in [[Baden-Württemberg (Germany)|Baden-Württemberg]], situated on the Neckar, six miles east of Stuttgart (coordinates: <span title="Latitude">48° 44′ 0″ N</span>, <span title="Longitude">9° 19′ 0″ E)</span>, from 1209 to 1802 a free imperial city, in which [[Anabaptism|Anabaptism]] early found many adherents, with some protection from the nobility. The name has survived in the “Wiedertäufer-Klinge,” a forest ravine where they were accustomed to assemble. As early as 1527 there was an Anabaptist congregation here, which prepared the ground for the introduction of the Reformation (see [[Blaurer, Ambrosius (1492-1564)|Ambrosius Blaurer]]), but also suffered severe persecution. Its leaders were the knifesmith [[Krafft, Hans (16th century)|Hans Krafft]] of Augsburg, and the cobbler [[Pfudler, Felix (16th century)|Felix Pfudler]] of Esslingen, [[Zuberhans (16th century)|Zuberhans]] of Hegensberg, [[Böhmerle, Stephen (d. 1528)|Stephan Böhmerle]], and others. The number of members soon increased to 100. Esslingen was at this time a place of refuge for the Anabaptists; [[Leupold, Hans (d. 1528)|Hans Leupold]] (Hege, 45), Leonhard Eleutherobius ([[Eleutherobios, Stoffel and Leonhard (16th century)|Freisleben]]), and others spent some time here. Several of the Anabaptists imprisoned in the dungeon at [[Passau (Freistaat Bayern, Germany)|Passau]] stated that they had been baptized at Esslingen, that Lienhard Wenig, a vinedresser, was their elder, and other prominent Anabaptists were Martin Arnold and Paul Frank of Hainbach (Nicoladoni, 188 ff.). Expelled early in 1528, they <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">immigrated </ins>to [[Reutlingen (Baden-Württemberg, Germany)|Reutlingen]] under the leadership of the guild master Leonhard Lutz (Hege, 45). Stephan Böhmerle returned, and was executed on 5 October 1529, as the first martyr of Esslingen.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The city council of Esslingen had issued a warning, 10 November 1527, against the “deceitful seduction of Anabaptism,” but did not take steps of suppression until the Austrian government at Stuttgart reminded the councilors of its presence in the city. Many men and women were arrested and by torture compelled to make confessions as follows: their faith they based alone on the Scriptures; faith must precede baptism; communion is a commemoration of the death of Christ; bearing arms is forbidden, nor may one do battle against one’s enemy, be he Jew or Turk; peace and unity must be preserved; and it is a duty to obey all reasonable commands of the government. If several said that all who refused baptism should be killed as heathen, and that they were awaiting the coming of aid from [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] where there were many of their faith, it is clear that either their statements were misunderstood or were extorted by torture, for there can be no thought of murder in connection with the [[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterian Brethren]] (Pfaff, 473). Nevertheless it may be correct that some required community of goods and asserted that Christ was not God, but a prophet and a sinless man, like any other; for all who do God’s will are His sons. The contemporary chronicler, Dyonisius Dreytwein (born about 1500 in Esslingen), makes an interesting statement at the conclusion of a comparison of the different creeds, “Therefore the Anabaptists are still the best and most pious; they do not swear, they do not practice usury, they do not drink to excess, as thou, miserable crowd” (p. 97).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The city council of Esslingen had issued a warning, 10 November 1527, against the “deceitful seduction of Anabaptism,” but did not take steps of suppression until the Austrian government at Stuttgart reminded the councilors of its presence in the city. Many men and women were arrested and by torture compelled to make confessions as follows: their faith they based alone on the Scriptures; faith must precede baptism; communion is a commemoration of the death of Christ; bearing arms is forbidden, nor may one do battle against one’s enemy, be he Jew or Turk; peace and unity must be preserved; and it is a duty to obey all reasonable commands of the government. If several said that all who refused baptism should be killed as heathen, and that they were awaiting the coming of aid from [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] where there were many of their faith, it is clear that either their statements were misunderstood or were extorted by torture, for there can be no thought of murder in connection with the [[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterian Brethren]] (Pfaff, 473). Nevertheless it may be correct that some required community of goods and asserted that Christ was not God, but a prophet and a sinless man, like any other; for all who do God’s will are His sons. The contemporary chronicler, Dyonisius Dreytwein (born about 1500 in Esslingen), makes an interesting statement at the conclusion of a comparison of the different creeds, “Therefore the Anabaptists are still the best and most pious; they do not swear, they do not practice usury, they do not drink to excess, as thou, miserable crowd” (p. 97).</div></td></tr>
</table>RichardThiessenhttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Esslingen_(Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg,_Germany)&diff=94554&oldid=prevGameoAdmin: CSV import - 201308232013-08-23T14:31:44Z<p>CSV import - 20130823</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:31, 23 August 2013</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Esslingen.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Esslingen_am_Neckar_2005.jpg Wikipedia Commons] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Wikipedia Commons </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Esslingen.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Esslingen_am_Neckar_2005.jpg Wikipedia Commons]'']] Esslingen, a city (population of 70,000 in 1950, 92,299 in 2004) in [[Baden-Württemberg (Germany)|Baden-Württemberg]], situated on the Neckar, six miles east of Stuttgart (coordinates: <span title="Latitude">48° 44′ 0″ N</span>, <span title="Longitude">9° 19′ 0″ E)</span>, from 1209 to 1802 a free imperial city, in which [[Anabaptism|Anabaptism]] early found many adherents, with some protection from the nobility. The name has survived in the “Wiedertäufer-Klinge,” a forest ravine where they were accustomed to assemble. As early as 1527 there was an Anabaptist congregation here, which prepared the ground for the introduction of the Reformation (see [[Blaurer, Ambrosius (1492-1564)|Ambrosius Blaurer]]), but also suffered severe persecution. Its leaders were the knifesmith [[Krafft, Hans (16th century)|Hans Krafft]] of Augsburg, and the cobbler [[Pfudler, Felix (16th century)|Felix Pfudler]] of Esslingen, [[Zuberhans (16th century)|Zuberhans]] of Hegensberg, [[Böhmerle, Stephen (d. 1528)|Stephan Böhmerle]], and others. The number of members soon increased to 100. Esslingen was at this time a place of refuge for the Anabaptists; [[Leupold, Hans (d. 1528)|Hans Leupold]] (Hege, 45), Leonhard Eleutherobius ([[Eleutherobios, Stoffel and Leonhard (16th century)|Freisleben]]), and others spent some time here. Several of the Anabaptists imprisoned in the dungeon at [[Passau (Freistaat Bayern, Germany)|Passau]] stated that they had been baptized at Esslingen, that Lienhard Wenig, a vinedresser, was their elder, and other prominent Anabaptists were Martin Arnold and Paul Frank of Hainbach (Nicoladoni, 188 ff.). Expelled early in 1528, they emigrated to [[Reutlingen (Baden-Württemberg, Germany)|Reutlingen]] under the leadership of the guild master Leonhard Lutz (Hege, 45). Stephan Böhmerle returned, and was executed on 5 October 1529, as the first martyr of Esslingen.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'']] Esslingen, a city (population of 70,000 in 1950, 92,299 in 2004) in [[Baden-Württemberg (Germany)|Baden-Württemberg]], situated on the Neckar, six miles east of Stuttgart (coordinates: <span title="Latitude">48° 44′ 0″ N</span>, <span title="Longitude">9° 19′ 0″ E)</span>, from 1209 to 1802 a free imperial city, in which [[Anabaptism|Anabaptism]] early found many adherents, with some protection from the nobility. The name has survived in the “Wiedertäufer-Klinge,” a forest ravine where they were accustomed to assemble. As early as 1527 there was an Anabaptist congregation here, which prepared the ground for the introduction of the Reformation (see [[Blaurer, Ambrosius (1492-1564)|Ambrosius Blaurer]]), but also suffered severe persecution. Its leaders were the knifesmith [[Krafft, Hans (16th century)|Hans Krafft]] of Augsburg, and the cobbler [[Pfudler, Felix (16th century)|Felix Pfudler]] of Esslingen, [[Zuberhans (16th century)|Zuberhans]] of Hegensberg, [[Böhmerle, Stephen (d. 1528)|Stephan Böhmerle]], and others. The number of members soon increased to 100. Esslingen was at this time a place of refuge for the Anabaptists; [[Leupold, Hans (d. 1528)|Hans Leupold]] (Hege, 45), Leonhard Eleutherobius ([[Eleutherobios, Stoffel and Leonhard (16th century)|Freisleben]]), and others spent some time here. Several of the Anabaptists imprisoned in the dungeon at [[Passau (Freistaat Bayern, Germany)|Passau]] stated that they had been baptized at Esslingen, that Lienhard Wenig, a vinedresser, was their elder, and other prominent Anabaptists were Martin Arnold and Paul Frank of Hainbach (Nicoladoni, 188 ff.). Expelled early in 1528, they emigrated to [[Reutlingen (Baden-Württemberg, Germany)|Reutlingen]] under the leadership of the guild master Leonhard Lutz (Hege, 45). Stephan Böhmerle returned, and was executed on 5 October 1529, as the first martyr of Esslingen.</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The city council of Esslingen had issued a warning, 10 November 1527, against the “deceitful seduction of Anabaptism,” but did not take steps of suppression until the Austrian government at Stuttgart reminded the councilors of its presence in the city. Many men and women were arrested and by torture compelled to make confessions as follows: their faith they based alone on the Scriptures; faith must precede baptism; communion is a commemoration of the death of Christ; bearing arms is forbidden, nor may one do battle against one’s enemy, be he Jew or Turk; peace and unity must be preserved; and it is a duty to obey all reasonable commands of the government. If several said that all who refused baptism should be killed as heathen, and that they were awaiting the coming of aid from [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] where there were many of their faith, it is clear that either their statements were misunderstood or were extorted by torture, for there can be no thought of murder in connection with the [[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterian Brethren]] (Pfaff, 473). Nevertheless it may be correct that some required community of goods and asserted that Christ was not God, but a prophet and a sinless man, like any other; for all who do God’s will are His sons. The contemporary chronicler, Dyonisius Dreytwein (born about 1500 in Esslingen), makes an interesting statement at the conclusion of a comparison of the different creeds, “Therefore the Anabaptists are still the best and most pious; they do not swear, they do not practice usury, they do not drink to excess, as thou, miserable crowd” (p. 97).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The city council of Esslingen had issued a warning, 10 November 1527, against the “deceitful seduction of Anabaptism,” but did not take steps of suppression until the Austrian government at Stuttgart reminded the councilors of its presence in the city. Many men and women were arrested and by torture compelled to make confessions as follows: their faith they based alone on the Scriptures; faith must precede baptism; communion is a commemoration of the death of Christ; bearing arms is forbidden, nor may one do battle against one’s enemy, be he Jew or Turk; peace and unity must be preserved; and it is a duty to obey all reasonable commands of the government. If several said that all who refused baptism should be killed as heathen, and that they were awaiting the coming of aid from [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] where there were many of their faith, it is clear that either their statements were misunderstood or were extorted by torture, for there can be no thought of murder in connection with the [[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterian Brethren]] (Pfaff, 473). Nevertheless it may be correct that some required community of goods and asserted that Christ was not God, but a prophet and a sinless man, like any other; for all who do God’s will are His sons. The contemporary chronicler, Dyonisius Dreytwein (born about 1500 in Esslingen), makes an interesting statement at the conclusion of a comparison of the different creeds, “Therefore the Anabaptists are still the best and most pious; they do not swear, they do not practice usury, they do not drink to excess, as thou, miserable crowd” (p. 97).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian. <em>Die Täufer in der Kurpfalz</em>. Frankfurt, 1908.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian. <em>Die Täufer in der Kurpfalz</em>. Frankfurt, 1908.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; </del>Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I, 609-11.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">: </ins>Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I, 609-11.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nicoladoni, A. J<em>ohannes Bünderlin</em> . . . Berlin, 1893.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nicoladoni, A. J<em>ohannes Bünderlin</em> . . . Berlin, 1893.</div></td></tr>
</table>GameoAdminhttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Esslingen_(Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg,_Germany)&diff=80577&oldid=prevGameoAdmin: CSV import - 201308202013-08-20T19:12:17Z<p>CSV import - 20130820</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:12, 20 August 2013</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>[[File:Esslingen.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Esslingen_am_Neckar_2005.jpg Wikipedia Commons] Wikipedia Commons </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Esslingen.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Esslingen_am_Neckar_2005.jpg Wikipedia Commons] Wikipedia Commons </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'']] Esslingen, a city (population of 70,000 in 1950, 92,299 in 2004) in [[Baden-Württemberg (Germany)|Baden-Württemberg]], situated on the Neckar, six miles east of Stuttgart (coordinates: <span title="Latitude">48° 44′ 0″ N</span>, <span title="Longitude">9° 19′ 0″ E)</span>, from 1209 to 1802 a free imperial city, in which [[Anabaptism|Anabaptism]] early found many adherents, with some protection from the nobility. The name has survived in the “Wiedertäufer-Klinge,” a forest ravine where they were accustomed to assemble. As early as 1527 there was an Anabaptist congregation here, which prepared the ground for the introduction of the Reformation (see [[Blaurer, Ambrosius (1492-1564)|Ambrosius Blaurer]]), but also suffered severe persecution. Its leaders were the knifesmith [[Krafft, Hans (16th century)|Hans Krafft]] of Augsburg, and the cobbler [[Pfudler, Felix (16th century)|Felix Pfudler]] of Esslingen, [[Zuberhans (16th century)|Zuberhans]] of Hegensberg, [[Böhmerle, Stephen (d. 1528)|Stephan Böhmerle]], and others. The number of members soon increased to 100. Esslingen was at this time a place of refuge for the Anabaptists; [[Leupold, Hans (d. 1528)|Hans Leupold]] (Hege, 45), Leonhard Eleutherobius ([[Eleutherobios, Stoffel and Leonhard (16th century)|Freisleben]]), and others spent some time here. Several of the Anabaptists imprisoned in the dungeon at [[Passau (Freistaat Bayern, Germany)|Passau]] stated that they had been baptized at Esslingen, that Lienhard Wenig, a vinedresser, was their elder, and other prominent Anabaptists were Martin Arnold and Paul Frank of Hainbach (Nicoladoni, 188 ff.). Expelled early in 1528, they emigrated to [[Reutlingen (Baden-Württemberg, Germany)|Reutlingen]] under the leadership of the guild master Leonhard Lutz (Hege, 45). Stephan Böhmerle returned, and was executed on 5 October 1529, as the first martyr of Esslingen.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'']] Esslingen, a city (population of 70,000 in 1950, 92,299 in 2004) in [[Baden-Württemberg (Germany)|Baden-Württemberg]], situated on the Neckar, six miles east of Stuttgart (coordinates: <span title="Latitude">48° 44′ 0″ N</span>, <span title="Longitude">9° 19′ 0″ E)</span>, from 1209 to 1802 a free imperial city, in which [[Anabaptism|Anabaptism]] early found many adherents, with some protection from the nobility. The name has survived in the “Wiedertäufer-Klinge,” a forest ravine where they were accustomed to assemble. As early as 1527 there was an Anabaptist congregation here, which prepared the ground for the introduction of the Reformation (see [[Blaurer, Ambrosius (1492-1564)|Ambrosius Blaurer]]), but also suffered severe persecution. Its leaders were the knifesmith [[Krafft, Hans (16th century)|Hans Krafft]] of Augsburg, and the cobbler [[Pfudler, Felix (16th century)|Felix Pfudler]] of Esslingen, [[Zuberhans (16th century)|Zuberhans]] of Hegensberg, [[Böhmerle, Stephen (d. 1528)|Stephan Böhmerle]], and others. The number of members soon increased to 100. Esslingen was at this time a place of refuge for the Anabaptists; [[Leupold, Hans (d. 1528)|Hans Leupold]] (Hege, 45), Leonhard Eleutherobius ([[Eleutherobios, Stoffel and Leonhard (16th century)|Freisleben]]), and others spent some time here. Several of the Anabaptists imprisoned in the dungeon at [[Passau (Freistaat Bayern, Germany)|Passau]] stated that they had been baptized at Esslingen, that Lienhard Wenig, a vinedresser, was their elder, and other prominent Anabaptists were Martin Arnold and Paul Frank of Hainbach (Nicoladoni, 188 ff.). Expelled early in 1528, they emigrated to [[Reutlingen (Baden-Württemberg, Germany)|Reutlingen]] under the leadership of the guild master Leonhard Lutz (Hege, 45). Stephan Böhmerle returned, and was executed on 5 October 1529, as the first martyr of Esslingen.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l16" >Line 16:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 16:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On 6 June 1562, 28 Anabaptists, most of them from Württemberg, were seized in a ravine at Katzenbühl not far from Hainbach, where they had frequently assembled. When they obstinately refused to recant they were expelled from the region of the city. Again in 1564 several Anabaptists were banished. In 1567 [[Andreae, Jakob (1528-1590)|Jakob Andreae]] preached eight sermons against the Anabaptists, which he published in 1568, and which influenced the governments again and again to proceed against the Anabaptists. Repeatedly the dukes of Württemberg, [[Ludwig, Duke of Württemberg (1554-1593)|Ludwig]] and [[Friedrich, Duke of Württemberg (1557-1608)|Friedrich]], accused the council of Esslingen of tolerating Anabaptists. In 1598 several Anabaptists were again arrested. Some of them said they held their meetings in the woods near Stetten, and one of them justified their meetings on the grounds that the apostles had also done so. Most of them recanted, and the rest were banished. In 1609 Duke John Frederick warned the council of Esslingen of Anabaptists who had reputedly come to Hainbach and were trying to win converts. The council, however, replied that in the last three or four years, since Walter Lichtenstein had left Hainbach, there were no Anabaptists there. Nothing is known of their presence there since that date.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On 6 June 1562, 28 Anabaptists, most of them from Württemberg, were seized in a ravine at Katzenbühl not far from Hainbach, where they had frequently assembled. When they obstinately refused to recant they were expelled from the region of the city. Again in 1564 several Anabaptists were banished. In 1567 [[Andreae, Jakob (1528-1590)|Jakob Andreae]] preached eight sermons against the Anabaptists, which he published in 1568, and which influenced the governments again and again to proceed against the Anabaptists. Repeatedly the dukes of Württemberg, [[Ludwig, Duke of Württemberg (1554-1593)|Ludwig]] and [[Friedrich, Duke of Württemberg (1557-1608)|Friedrich]], accused the council of Esslingen of tolerating Anabaptists. In 1598 several Anabaptists were again arrested. Some of them said they held their meetings in the woods near Stetten, and one of them justified their meetings on the grounds that the apostles had also done so. Most of them recanted, and the rest were banished. In 1609 Duke John Frederick warned the council of Esslingen of Anabaptists who had reputedly come to Hainbach and were trying to win converts. The council, however, replied that in the last three or four years, since Walter Lichtenstein had left Hainbach, there were no Anabaptists there. Nothing is known of their presence there since that date.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Bibliography =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Bibliography =</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dreytwein, D.<em> Esslinger Chronik</em> (published in the <em>Bibliothek des Literarischen Vereins zu Stuttgart</em>, vol. 221). Tübingen, 1901.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dreytwein, D.<em> Esslinger Chronik</em> (published in the <em>Bibliothek des Literarischen Vereins zu Stuttgart</em>, vol. 221). Tübingen, 1901.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l34" >Line 34:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 32:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Salzmann-Haffner, <em>Geschichte der Esslinger Wiedertäufer</em>. Esslingen, 1932.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Salzmann-Haffner, <em>Geschichte der Esslinger Wiedertäufer</em>. Esslingen, 1932.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Maps =</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>= Maps =</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Map:Esslingen, Baden-Württemberg|Map:Esslingen, Baden-Württemberg]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Map:Esslingen, Baden-Württemberg|Map:Esslingen, Baden-Württemberg]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 2, pp. 250-252|date=1956|a1_last=Hege|a1_first=Christian|a2_last=|a2_first=}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 2, pp. 250-252|date=1956|a1_last=Hege|a1_first=Christian|a2_last=|a2_first=}}</div></td></tr>
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</table>GameoAdminhttps://gameo.org/index.php?title=Esslingen_(Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg,_Germany)&diff=63772&oldid=prevGameoAdmin: CSV import - 201308162013-08-16T19:30:25Z<p>CSV import - 20130816</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div> [[File:Esslingen.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''Source: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Esslingen_am_Neckar_2005.jpg Wikipedia Commons] Wikipedia Commons <br />
<br />
'']] Esslingen, a city (population of 70,000 in 1950, 92,299 in 2004) in [[Baden-Württemberg (Germany)|Baden-Württemberg]], situated on the Neckar, six miles east of Stuttgart (coordinates: <span title="Latitude">48° 44′ 0″ N</span>, <span title="Longitude">9° 19′ 0″ E)</span>, from 1209 to 1802 a free imperial city, in which [[Anabaptism|Anabaptism]] early found many adherents, with some protection from the nobility. The name has survived in the “Wiedertäufer-Klinge,” a forest ravine where they were accustomed to assemble. As early as 1527 there was an Anabaptist congregation here, which prepared the ground for the introduction of the Reformation (see [[Blaurer, Ambrosius (1492-1564)|Ambrosius Blaurer]]), but also suffered severe persecution. Its leaders were the knifesmith [[Krafft, Hans (16th century)|Hans Krafft]] of Augsburg, and the cobbler [[Pfudler, Felix (16th century)|Felix Pfudler]] of Esslingen, [[Zuberhans (16th century)|Zuberhans]] of Hegensberg, [[Böhmerle, Stephen (d. 1528)|Stephan Böhmerle]], and others. The number of members soon increased to 100. Esslingen was at this time a place of refuge for the Anabaptists; [[Leupold, Hans (d. 1528)|Hans Leupold]] (Hege, 45), Leonhard Eleutherobius ([[Eleutherobios, Stoffel and Leonhard (16th century)|Freisleben]]), and others spent some time here. Several of the Anabaptists imprisoned in the dungeon at [[Passau (Freistaat Bayern, Germany)|Passau]] stated that they had been baptized at Esslingen, that Lienhard Wenig, a vinedresser, was their elder, and other prominent Anabaptists were Martin Arnold and Paul Frank of Hainbach (Nicoladoni, 188 ff.). Expelled early in 1528, they emigrated to [[Reutlingen (Baden-Württemberg, Germany)|Reutlingen]] under the leadership of the guild master Leonhard Lutz (Hege, 45). Stephan Böhmerle returned, and was executed on 5 October 1529, as the first martyr of Esslingen.<br />
<br />
The city council of Esslingen had issued a warning, 10 November 1527, against the “deceitful seduction of Anabaptism,” but did not take steps of suppression until the Austrian government at Stuttgart reminded the councilors of its presence in the city. Many men and women were arrested and by torture compelled to make confessions as follows: their faith they based alone on the Scriptures; faith must precede baptism; communion is a commemoration of the death of Christ; bearing arms is forbidden, nor may one do battle against one’s enemy, be he Jew or Turk; peace and unity must be preserved; and it is a duty to obey all reasonable commands of the government. If several said that all who refused baptism should be killed as heathen, and that they were awaiting the coming of aid from [[Moravia (Czech Republic)|Moravia]] where there were many of their faith, it is clear that either their statements were misunderstood or were extorted by torture, for there can be no thought of murder in connection with the [[Hutterian Brethren (Hutterische Brüder)|Hutterian Brethren]] (Pfaff, 473). Nevertheless it may be correct that some required community of goods and asserted that Christ was not God, but a prophet and a sinless man, like any other; for all who do God’s will are His sons. The contemporary chronicler, Dyonisius Dreytwein (born about 1500 in Esslingen), makes an interesting statement at the conclusion of a comparison of the different creeds, “Therefore the Anabaptists are still the best and most pious; they do not swear, they do not practice usury, they do not drink to excess, as thou, miserable crowd” (p. 97).<br />
<br />
Six of the arrested Anabaptists recanted and were released with a fine of 10 to 30 pounds; the others were banished. Stephan Böhmerle, who returned, was beheaded on 5 October 1529. In 1530 [[Fleiner, Joachim (d. 1530)|Joachim Fleiner]] and [[Lichtenstein, Ludwig (d. 1530)|Ludwig Lichtenstein]] met the same fate, as well as [[Egen, Bastian (d. 1530)|Bastian Egen]] and Jakob Schneider of Uhlbach.<br />
<br />
When, in 1531, the Reformation was carried out in Esslingen, a more lenient attitude was taken toward the Anabaptists. Ambrosius Blaurer, the Swabian reformer who arrived in Esslingen in 1531, won most of the Anabaptists by the earnestness of his preaching and by personal contacts. But when he left in the following year a bitter quarrel which broke out among the clergy caused the Anabaptists to leave the church again. They also took offense at the manner of life of many members and the lack of church discipline which Blaurer had introduced at their instigation. Thus, the serious-minded returned to the Anabaptists, and new repressive measures were initiated by the clergy. The <em>Zuchtordnung</em> of 1532 provided that anyone who rejected infant baptism and was rebaptized, should be admonished by the preachers, and if he did not desist from his error he should be imprisoned, and if he still persisted, expelled. On 4 February 1532, the Anabaptists were summoned to the Rathaus, to be cross-examined by the clergy. Oddly, they confessed that they held the doctrine of the sleep of the soul (Pfaff, 47). In February 1533 a new examination was ordered, at which three Anabaptists were compelled to recant publicly. Following an opinion given by the Esslingen clergy, all meetings of the Anabaptists were forbidden. But the order was not enforced.<br />
<br />
On 5 April 1534, an Anabaptist meeting in the region of Esslingen was surprised, which was attended chiefly by Anabaptists from Württemberg. A list of persons who had harbored Anabaptists was found and sent to Stuttgart. In the following year Anabaptists again appeared in Esslingen. On 23 August 1535, [[Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg (1487-1550)|Duke Ulrich of Württemberg]] wrote to the Esslingen authorities, urging them to suppress the “false doctrine of the Anabaptists.” But nothing was done. In 1541 the clergy of Esslingen complained that for years the Anabaptists in the small parishes had so corrupted the populace that few acknowledged the pastors as the true preachers. On 29 June 1544, the council of Esslingen commanded the parishes to show more respect for the clergy, and arrested three men and women on a suspicion of Anabaptism. At their trial they said that the taking of interest is wrong; no one is condemned for original sin; infant baptism is useless; preaching is an aid to salvation if it is rightly done; but because it is not, it bears no fruit and reforms nobody. Veit Bechtold said Christ was true man and God, born of Mary, but crafty arguing about it should be avoided. They were dismissed with a serious warning.<br />
<br />
In 1551 several Anabaptists of Hainbach were again arrested for holding meetings contrary to the order of the council. One of them, Gerhard Feygenbutz, declared that faith must precede baptism; he could not swear, but would otherwise conduct himself like any other citizen and do twice as much as one. They were dismissed with the warning that if they did not desist from their error their goods would be confiscated.<br />
<br />
Duke Christoph of Württemberg in 1558 requested that the Esslingen authorities watch the Anabaptists, who were meeting in the outskirts of the city, and in 1560 he wrote them that the sectarians were meeting in a forest between Hainbach and Rüdern; this mischief should be stopped. An investigation revealed that the Anabaptists were particularly numerous and were increasing in Möhringen. After some lenient measures the council issued a sharp decree against Möhringen and Vaihingen, warning all of the ungodly error of Anabaptism, and threatening any who sheltered them with confiscation of property, corporal punishment, and exile.<br />
<br />
On 6 June 1562, 28 Anabaptists, most of them from Württemberg, were seized in a ravine at Katzenbühl not far from Hainbach, where they had frequently assembled. When they obstinately refused to recant they were expelled from the region of the city. Again in 1564 several Anabaptists were banished. In 1567 [[Andreae, Jakob (1528-1590)|Jakob Andreae]] preached eight sermons against the Anabaptists, which he published in 1568, and which influenced the governments again and again to proceed against the Anabaptists. Repeatedly the dukes of Württemberg, [[Ludwig, Duke of Württemberg (1554-1593)|Ludwig]] and [[Friedrich, Duke of Württemberg (1557-1608)|Friedrich]], accused the council of Esslingen of tolerating Anabaptists. In 1598 several Anabaptists were again arrested. Some of them said they held their meetings in the woods near Stetten, and one of them justified their meetings on the grounds that the apostles had also done so. Most of them recanted, and the rest were banished. In 1609 Duke John Frederick warned the council of Esslingen of Anabaptists who had reputedly come to Hainbach and were trying to win converts. The council, however, replied that in the last three or four years, since Walter Lichtenstein had left Hainbach, there were no Anabaptists there. Nothing is known of their presence there since that date.<br />
<br />
<br />
= Bibliography =<br />
Dreytwein, D.<em> Esslinger Chronik</em> (published in the <em>Bibliothek des Literarischen Vereins zu Stuttgart</em>, vol. 221). Tübingen, 1901.<br />
<br />
Gayler, <em>Historische Denkwürdigkeiten von Reutlingen</em>. 1846.<br />
<br />
Hege, Christian. <em>Die Täufer in der Kurpfalz</em>. Frankfurt, 1908.<br />
<br />
Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. <em>Mennonitisches Lexikon</em>, 4 vols. Frankfurt &amp; Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe; Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I, 609-11.<br />
<br />
Nicoladoni, A. J<em>ohannes Bünderlin</em> . . . Berlin, 1893.<br />
<br />
Pfaff, K. <em>Geschichte der Stadt Esslingen</em>. Esslingen, 1840.<br />
<br />
Rauscher, J. <em>Württ. Reformations-Geschichte</em>. 1934.<br />
<br />
Salzmann-Haffner, <em>Geschichte der Esslinger Wiedertäufer</em>. Esslingen, 1932.<br />
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<br />
= Maps =<br />
[[Map:Esslingen, Baden-Württemberg|Map:Esslingen, Baden-Württemberg]]<br />
{{GAMEO_footer|hp=Vol. 2, pp. 250-252|date=1956|a1_last=Hege|a1_first=Christian|a2_last=|a2_first=}}</div>GameoAdmin